Kukho izifo, ngokubanzi, ezihlasela uthotho lwezityalo ezifanayo ukuba lusapho, ezifuna iimeko ezifanayo, njl. Nangona kunjalo, zikhona ezinye izifo ezichanekileyo ngakumbi kwaye zihlasela kuphela iintlobo ezithile. Le yinto eyenzekayo nge- Igraphiosis. Sisifo esichaphazela kakhulu abantu be-elm (Ulmus omncinci). Esi sifo siqale ukuvela kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwaye saye sangqina sesinye sezifo zehlathi ezenza owona monakalo kubantu be-elm.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela imvelaphi ye-graphiosis, yintoni umonakalo oyibangela nendlela yokuzama ukuyiphelisa.
Imvelaphi yegraphiosis
Esi sifo safikelela kwiPeninsula yaseIberia ngoqhambuko lokuqala olukhulu phaya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-80. Esi sifo kwakungaziwa kakuhle, njengoko kwakungazange kwenzeke kwi-peninsula ngaphambili. Ke, I-graphiosis yathatha ubomi benani elikhulu lee-elms.
Esi sifo sisasazeka sisinambuzane esisesona sithumelayo. Abantu abaninzi baye bakwazi ukurekhoda ezi zinambuzane zizama ukuhambisa esi sifo ukusuka komnye umthi ziye komnye. Ezi ngooqongqothwane abancinci abaziwa ngokuba yi-elm borer. Ezi coleopterans zihlala kumahlumela athambileyo kwaye zihlala ziluma ukuze zifunxe incindi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngale nto bayonakalisa imithi.
Ukongeza, imazi idla ngokubeka amaqanda ayo kwindawo ephakathi kwexolo kunye nesiqu. Ukwenza oku, kuya kufuneka benze iigalari. Xa amantshontsho egqitha kwinqanaba lopopu, izinambuzane ezindala zibhabha zisuka emthini ziye emthini, zithutha ii-spores zefungus ezibangela isifo esaziwa ngokuba yi-graphiosis.
Iindidi zomngundo ezibangela esi sifo yeyona nto ichaphazelekayo. Ngaba ngundo ICeratocystis ulmi. Yinto yokungunda enezimpawu ezinesidambisi esiphuhlisa i-mycelium kwindawo apho iinqanawa zokuqhuba apho ijikelezisa khona ubisi lwe-elm. Ngale ndlela, i-mycelium ihlasela lonke icandelo le-xylem kwaye iphele itshabalalisa iinqanawa apho incindi ijikeleza khona. Oku kubangela ukuba ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo kuwo wonke umthi kuphazamiseke. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu zokuqala zezokuba ingaphakathi lamasebe libonwa ngemigca namabala amnyama.
Iimpawu kunye nokubonakala kweelms ezonakeleyo
Ukubona ukuba i-elm yonakele nge-graphiosis, ukuvela okungaginyisi mathe kunokubonwa ngamehlo. Ngombala otyheli ngakumbi, ungawabona amasebe omileyo, amanye egobile, amagqabi omileyo, njl. Oko kukuthi, ukubonakala ngokubanzi kunokubonwa ukuba umthi awukho kwimeko elungileyo.
Oku kubonakala kungenampilo ikakhulu kuvela kuthintelo lweenqanawa ezihamba kunye netyhefu yamagqabi. Yile ndlela, ekuhambeni kwexesha, esi sifo siphela sibulala i-elm ngokupheleleyo.
Iimpawu zokuqala zesifo kwii-elms zihlala zivela ukuphela kukaJuni kude kube phakathi kuJulayi. Kule meko, sinokubona ukuba amagqabi aqala ukubuna njani ngenxa yesi sifo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ngeli xesha lonyaka, i-elm kufuneka ikwimeko entle ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu amnandi xa kuqala ihlobo. Njengesiqhelo, amagqabi ajika abe mdaka ngexesha lasehlotyeni. Nangona kunjalo, oku akubangeli ukuba bawe emthini. Zigcinwa emthini kude kube sekupheleni kwehlobo, njengoko zifumana ithoni etyheli ngakumbi. Ngelo xesha ukuwa kufika xa bewa.
Ngaphandle kokukhululeka kokuqonda iimpawu zegraphiosis, kunzima ukufumana izinambuzane eziyidlulisayo. Zizizinambuzane ezinobungakanani obuncinci kakhulu, zi-5mm kuphela okanye ngaphantsi. Elinye lamanyathelo azanywa ukwenziwa ukunqanda ezi zinambuzane kukubeka amakhasethi okuncamathela ukuze azibambe. Ukuba nobukhulu obuncinci kangako, xa besiya kwizikhupha ukubeka amaqanda abo, baya kunamathela ngaphandle ngaphandle kokudlulisela esi sifo kumngundo.
Imithi emininzi ye-elm iye yasuswa ixolo ukuze kuhlolwe ngaphakathi kwaye umphumo ligalari epheleleyo yeetonela ezenziwe ngooqongqothwane kuyo yonke imithi yomthi.
Indlela yokulahla i-graphiosis
Ukujonga nokusiphelisa esi sifo, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zenziwe apho kulawulwa ngqongqo ucoceko kwizinto ze-elm ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke. Unyango ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane anokusebenza njengendlela yokunceda ooqongqothwane abangakwaziyo ukondla. Ekuqaleni kwee-XNUMXs, kwakusetyenziswa isibulali zinambuzane iDDT. Ukubona indlela eyityhefu ngayo nento eyonakalise amanzi kunye nomhlaba, kwagqitywa kwelokuba uyishiye. Oku kubangele iyeza elisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-methoxychlor. Yeyona isibulali zinambuzane sisebenzayo xa kufikwa ekuthinteleni ooqongqothwane ekutyeni.
I-Methoxychlor ineempawu ezintle ezingenabungozi kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ayisiyongo kwaphela kwiintaka okanye kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, ayiqokeleli kwizicwili ezinamanqatha kwaye, okona kulungileyo, ithotyelwe ngemetabolism engenatyhefu. Kuya kufuneka unike ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwizilwanyana zasemanzini, ke kubalulekile ukuba ulumke ngokusetyenziswa kwe-methoxychlor kwiindawo ezikufuphi neentlobo zasemanzini, njengoko kunokuba yingozi kubo.
Enye yeendlela ezicetyiswayo ukunqanda ukusweleka kwe-elm, kukuba asinakho amasebe ngexesha leentyatyambo. Ngaloo mizuzu, umthi usesichengeni kwaye izifo zingawubulala. Oososayensi bazama ukufezekisa i-hybridization okanye i-clon ye-elm enokumelana nolu hlobo lwesifo ukuze bangaqhubeki nokufa kwaye oku kukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwabo.
Njengoko ubona, i-graphiosis inokuba sisifo esibulalayo kwii-elms kwaye isasazeka zizinambuzane esingaziboniyo. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngalo.