Ukulima, ukugcinwa kunye nokuzala kwakhona komthi wepere

Ipere yenye yeziqhamo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zixatyiswa kakhulu ngabathengi kuba zinesondlo kakhulu, zimnandi kwaye zinamanzi amaninzi. Ifunwa kakhulu kwiifom ezininzi, zombini iidessert kunye neelekese kunye necocktails yeziqhamo. Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela esi sithuba kumthi ovelisa ipere: umthi wamapere.

Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi yonke into malunga nomthi wepere?

Imvelaphi yomthi wepere

Umthi wamapere ngowakhe kwi-genus Pyrus nakwintsapho yaseRosaceae. Umthi wepereya wabelana nosapho ngomthi weapile (yiyo loo nto ipere kunye neapile zihlala zihlala kunye). Zininzi iintlobo zemithi yamapere eyaziwayo kwaye udidi ngalunye luneempawu zalo ezizodwa. Ekuqaleni, umthi wepere wavela kwimozulu ezinemozulu ephantsi kwe Yurophu kunye ne Afrika, apho ukulinywa kwawo kwasasazeka khona ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kunye nokuthengiswa kweziqhamo zawo. Nje ukuba iipereyithi zaziwe ngakumbi, zifunwe kwaye zigqitywe, imbewu yomthi wepere nayo ithengisiwe kwaye isasazeka ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Namhlanje iintlobo zepere ezaziwayo ziziphumo zeenkqubo zokhetho eziye zenziwa phakathi imithi yamapere yasendle kunye namaAsia. Abasenanto yakwenza naloo mithi yamapere eYurophu naseAfrika.

Iimpawu zomthi wepere

Ngokwesiqhelo imithi yamapere yimithi ephakathi nendawo enokukhula ibe phakathi kweemitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-20 ukuphakama. Kuxhomekeka kwindidi eyahlukeneyo banokuhamba phakathi kobude. Umthi wepere ngumthi lunwenwe kulo lonke ihlabathi. nangona ubukhulu becala, le mithi ifuna imozulu enomswakama nepholileyo, kodwa ehlotyeni. Kwindalo, ezona ndawo zifanelekileyo zemithi yamapere zezi ndawo zivulekileyo, apho umhlaba unamanzi afanelekileyo.Ukuba ufuna ukukhula imithi yepere, kuya kufuneka uphephe yonke indawo eneentlambo ezivaliweyo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiingcambu zomthi wepere, zinkuni kwaye zinzulu. Umboko wayo uthe tye kwaye ixolo lawo limdaka ngombala kwaye limfanta. Isithsaba somthi sihlala side kwaye sincinci ngamagqabi amile okweqanda abonakala ngokungafaniyo kumasebe. Inye into malunga namagqabi kukuba aluhlaza kwicala elingasentla kwaye ii-petioles zawo zimthubi.

Xa umthi wamapere uqhakaza, iintyatyambo zawo zikhangeleka njengamaqela azalelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-axis. Ngokwesiqhelo ziba neepetali ezimhlophe ezi-5 kwaye ii-stamens zazo zimfusa ngombala. Umnqweno malunga neentyatyambo zepereyisi kukuba ziihermaphrodites.

Isiqhamo sepere

Ipeyile sisiqhamo somthi wepere kwaye, kunye neapile, sesinye seziqhamo ezisetyenzisiweyo nezifunwayo emhlabeni. Zisetyenziswa kwii-cocktails zeziqhamo, iijusi, iilekese, njl. Ipere iyaziwa kakhulu kwaye iyanconywa ngumntu wonke. Zijikelezwe ngesimo kwaye zinkulu, zinamanzi kwaye zinamanzi. Nje, Olona hlobo lusetyenzisiweyo lolo luvelisayo ipyrus communis, Olunye lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lomthi wepere.

Iipeya zikwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye zixatyisiwe ngenxa yencasa yayo ethe-ethe kunye neepropathi zesondlo. Xa sisitya ipere siyangena kwaye singenise emzimbeni wethu iivithamini ezintsonkothileyo B-B1, B2 kunye niacin. Konke oku kusinceda silawule inkqubo yeemvakalelo, siphucule inkqubo yokwetyisa kwaye sisincede someleze izihlunu zentliziyo. Ukongeza, ikwanazo neevithamini A kunye no-C, ngaphandle kwezimbiwa ezifana ne-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-potassium kunye ne-copper.

Xa iiperesi ziveliswa kwaye zenzelwe ukutyiwa, eyona nto iphambili kukuzitya njengee dessert. Ikwathengiswa enkonkxiweyo kwisiraphu okanye ngokupheka okulula okusetyenziswa njengamalungiselelo e-dessert kunye neekhomputha. Zikwasetyenziswa nakwezinye iintlobo zeelekese kunye namaqebengwana kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ijam.

Ukhula njani umthi wepere

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, umthi wepere ngumthi okhetha indawo ezinemozulu epholileyo, enomswakama ngakumbi kwaye epholileyo, nangona enehlobo elifudumeleyo. Ke ngoko, ukuba sifuna ukuyikhulisa, kuya kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo iimeko ezithile ezisisiseko. Umthi wepere ngumthi okwaziyo ukufikelela kuwo ukumelana neqabaka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 degrees ngexesha lokulala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iqabaka livela entwasahlobo, xa kulixesha lokudubula, umthi wepere awuyi kumelana neqabaka kwaye uya kufa. Kungenxa yoko le nto, ukukhulisa ipere, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ezinye zeemeko zokusingqongileyo kwindawo esiza kuyenza kuyo.

Ngokumalunga nomhlaba esiza kukhulisa kuwo umthi wepere, kufuneka uchunyiswe kakuhle, ukusuka kwisichumiso esenziwe ngokudityaniswa komgquba, i-potassium kunye ne-phosphorus. Umhlaba olungele kakhulu ukukhulisa imithi yamapere yileyo inobumba ngakumbi kuba ine-drainage elungileyo. Umsele wamanzi ubalulekile ekusindisweni komthi, ke ukuba siwukhulisa umthi kumhlaba ovundileyo one-porosity kunye ne-permeability engalunganga kakhulu, uya kuba nokusilela kwamanzi nokuba siyinkcenkceshela rhoqo. Ngenxa yeempawu zeengcambu zayo, imihlaba enzulu ene-pH esisiseko ye-6 okanye ye-7 iyacetyiswa.

Nje ukuba sityale amapere, kufuneka sinisele malunga neelitha ezili-10 zamanzi kwisityalo ngasinye okokuqala. Emva koko, ukunkcenkceshela kufuneka kube rhoqo kodwa kungagqithisi. Kungenxa yokuba imithi yamapere Zizityalo ezibuthathaka kakhulu kwimbalela kunye nokufuma okungaphezulu. Ukuba umthi ufumene izitenxo kubungakanani bamanzi akhoyo ngexesha lokukhula kwawo, uya kuvelisa iziqhamo ezincinci kunesiqhelo.

Ukuzaliswa kunye nokugcinwa kwemithi yepere

Ukuba sifuna ukuvelisa kwakhona iiperethi kufuneka sikwenze oko ukusuka ekumiliseleni amahlumelo okuza kwenziwa ekwindla. Olu grafti kufuneka lube ne-quinces okanye eminye imithi yepere njengeepateni ukuze zisebenze kakuhle kwaye zikwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona. Kuyimfuneko ukuba, xa sisenza ubugcisa, Umgama oziimitha ezi-3 uyahlonitshwa phakathi komthi ngamnye otyaliweyo ukwenzela ukuba amasebe angangeni kwindawo yomnye okanye abe nokhuphiswano olugqithisileyo lwezixhobo.

Nje ukuba sibeke i-grafti yethu kuyanyanzeleka ukuba sigubungele isiseko nge-organic mulch ukunceda ukukhula kwayo. Kule mihla umthi wepere uyaphinda uveliswe kwizityalo ngale ndlela, kuba uyakhawuleza kwaye usebenze ngakumbi. Iindlela zokuzalisa ezifana nokusika okanye ukutyala imbewu yemijiya ayisasetyenziswa.

Ngoku masiqhubeke nokuvuna iziqhamo. Kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo into ebaluleke kakhulu. Amapere akufuneki avuthwe ukuzikhetha, kodwa ukuvunwa kwamapere kufuneka kuqale nje ukuba baqale ukutshintsha umbala weqokobhe labo ukusuka kumbala oluhlaza ukuya ekukhanyeni. Xa sele ulapho, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqalise ukukhetha amapere. Esinye isalathiso sokwazi ukuba iperari ingavunwa ngoku, kukuthatha isiqhamo, ukusipotoza kancinci kwaye kancinci kwaye ukuba sivela ngokulula, kungenxa yokuba sikulungele ukuvunwa.

Ukugcina umthi wepere kufuneka siwenzile ukuze sihloniphe ukuthena kokuqala kwemithi emincinci. Oku kuthena kuqala kwenziwa nini ukuphakama komthi kufikelela kumasentimitha angama-80. Kuxa kulapho ke kufuneka ivele ngendlela eya kuthi ikuthande ukukhula kwamasebe amabini aphambili. Njengoko amasebe amabini aphambili ekhula, siya kuyenza kumahlumelo amasebe esibini. Ukuthena kuyaqhubeka rhoqo kwimithi esele ineminyaka emi-3 okanye 4 ubudala xa kugqityiwe ukuvunwa. Ngalesi sihlahla sithengisa impilo yesityalo kwaye someleza iintyatyambo ezilandelayo.

Ezona ntlobo zepear zaziwayo eSpain zezi:

• UBlanquilla
• U-Ercolini
• Umthi welamuni
• UmKristu olungileyo uWilliam
• Nkomfa
• ULuisa olungileyo weArranches
• UMlawuli wezoNyulo
• UBartlett

Ukudluliselwa komthi wepey

Umthi wepereyini ungcoliswa zizinambuzane umvumvuzelo womnqamlezo. Iipollinator ziyimfuneko ekuveliseni kwendalo, kuba azichumanga ngokupheleleyo. Nangona imithi yamapere inentyatyambo eninzi, kodwa iziqhamo ezivelisayo ziyahambelana ngaphantsi kwe 20% yeentyatyambo. Kuba eyona pollination ifanelekileyo yeyonqamlezileyo, kufuneka sibenemithi yamapere amabini ahambelanayo. Uninzi lweentlobo zemithi yamapere ifuna isampuli yesibini ukuze ipoleni kakuhle.

Izidingo zokutyala umthi wepere

Njengesishwankathelo sidwelise iimfuno eziyimfuneko zokulima umthi weeperile onempumelelo eqinisekileyo:

• Umthi wepere ufuna indawo enemozulu eshushu, enelanga, efumileyo, epholileyo engenalo iqabaka entwasahlobo.
• Umhlaba kufuneka ubumbeke kwaye ube nomngxunya wokuhambisa amanzi ngokufanelekileyo. Ingakhula nakwimihlaba yesanti.
• Eyona nto ilunge kakhulu yomthi wepere inepateni yequince, kuba inika imithi encinci eyenza ukuqokelelwa kwayo kunye nokwenza ukuba iintyatyambo zikhawuleze.
• Ipeyari ivunwa xa itshintsha umbala ukusuka kumbala omnyama ukuya kokukhanya okuluhlaza, okanye xa uyijija ngokulula.

Ngolu lwazi singafunda ngakumbi malunga namapere kunye nemithi yamapere kwaye sikwazi ukukhula iziqhamo zethu.