Ikhuba sesona sixhobo sifanelekileyo sokulima kwiprayimari tillage, oko kukuthi, ukulima nokujika umhlaba.. Kuyinyani ukuba njengoko usiya nzulu emhlabeni, ukuxhathisa kwesixhobo sokulima kufuneka kwande, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amandla okutsala angaphezulu kunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamafutha. Yavela okokuqala kwiminyaka engama-5.000 eyadlulayo kwaye yayilutshintsho xa imisele yayisele isenziwa ukuze kulinywe.. Ukongezelela, yadalwa ngokusekelwe kwi-hoe okanye ifosholo, kodwa ukuyisebenzisa kunye nezilwanyana ezithintekayo, enyanisweni yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yolwazi lwexesha.
Ngamanqanaba awahlukeneyo empumelelo, yanwenwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwempucuko, igudla unxweme lweMeditera, yaye eRoma, yaphawula ixesha; indlela ikhuba elisetyenziswe ngayo kunye nophuculo kuyilo lwalo lusaqhubeka unanamhla. Ithuba lokusebenza kwi-angle kunye nokubekwa okuvumela ukwandisa ubunzulu bokulima, engancedi nje ekuhlwayeleni, kodwa yenza umhlaba ube ne-spongy.
Ikhuba namhlanje
Igama elithi "ikhuba" libhekisa kwinkqubo evumela amagada okwenyani axwesileyo ukuba akhutshwe kumphezulu womhlaba.. Ezi ke ziya kuthi ke zibhukuqwe kwaye zityunyuzwe ukubuyisela umhlaba kwisigaba sawo sokuqala kwaye kube lula ukudlula kwezinto eziphilayo, isiqinisekiso sendawo kunye nesondlo sesityalo esitsha. Oomatshini abasetyenziselwa ukulima bachazwa ngokuchanekileyo "amakhuba", kwaye batsalwa ngetrektara enamandla amakhulu kwaye bayabelana kunye nebhodi yokubumba. Ngobu buchule, unokusebenza kubunzulu obahlukeneyo.
Amakhuba ngoomatshini abasebenza umhlaba ngaphezulu phambi kokutyala. Bavumela ukulima, oko kukuthi, ukususa umaleko ongaphezulu womhlaba nokulungisa umhlaba wesityalo esilandelayo ngokuwufaka umoya nokufaka intsalela yezityalo zangaphambili.. Namhlanje, amakhuba afumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi: iifomati ezinzima, ezilula, ezixhonywe okanye ezifakwe phakathi, ezilula okanye eziguqulwayo, amakhuba eendiza, njl. Phambi kokuba uhlakule, kubaluleke kakhulu ukujonga imeko yesixhobo sakho, iindawo zekhuba lakho, kodwa nomhlaba wakho. Umhlaba omanzi kakhulu awufanelekanga ukulima, ekubeni ingumhlaba obuthathaka kukhukuliseko, apho kukhethwa umsebenzi olula.
Xa kuziwa kwisixhobo sakho sasefama, ibhalansi kunye noxinzelelo lwawo onke amatayara akho, kunye nemeko entle yokunyuswa nokuqhuba iindawo ezingasemva, zizinto zokuqala ekusebenzeni kwekhuba lakho.. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokusebenza kwiiplani zakho (indawo ethe tyaba, engalinganiyo okanye exubeneyo), i-axis yenqaku lakho lesithathu iya kujongwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo (kwimingxunya esisigxina okanye ekukhanyeni). Ukuyilungisa, kukho izinto ezintathu ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo: ubunzulu (ivili lokulungelelanisa ngasemva kunye nokuphakama konyuso lwangaphambili), ezantsi ngaphandle (enkosi kwinqaku lesithathu lecrank) kwaye ekugqibeleni umbhobho (indawo ethe ngqo emhlabeni wekhuba lakho) enkosi isikrufu sangaphambili sokulungisa).
Kutheni ikhuba libalulekile
Injongo yale nkqubo, enyanisweni, kukuphelisa ukhula kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, iintsalela zemifuno yesityalo sangaphambili., ezityhala ngokunzulu ukuze zingaphazamisi ukukhula kwezithole ezizayo. Ngale ndlela kunokwenzeka ukuthambisa umhlaba kwaye uwulungiselele kancinci kancinci ukuze ufumane isivuno esilandelayo.
Xa ikhuba ligqityiwe
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukulima kwenziwa ekupheleni kwesigaba sokuvuna. Ukulima kunokwenziwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka, nangona iziphumo ezilungileyo zifumaneka kumaxesha onyaka aphakathi. Enyanisweni, ngokulima kwekwindla, iintsalela zezityalo kunye nezichumisi zezinto eziphilayo zingcwatywa ngexesha lomxholo wokunyuka kwemvula kunye nokuhla kwamaqondo okushisa.
Ngaloo ndlela, iqondo lokushisa eliphantsi lithetha izenzo zokukhenkcela kunye nokunyibilika kwaye, ngoko ke, ukubola ngokukhawuleza kwamagada. Ngokuphathelele entwasahlobo, kulo mzekelo ikhuba linenjongo yokukhusela ngokukodwa. Yenziwa kamsinya kakhulu phambi kokuhlwayela ukuthintela ukuqina komhlaba okubangelwa yinkangeleko eqhubekayo yelanga nobushushu.
Iinzuzo zokulima
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba, nanamhlanje, ikhuba lijika libe yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokulungisa umhlaba. Nazi iingenelo eziphambili ezinokuziswa yile ndlela yokucubungula.
- Ubume obufanelekileyo bomhlaba bubuyiselwa. Ukushukuma komhlaba, ukuwuguqula nokushiya isithuba kumphezulu womhlaba “omtsha”, ongazange uchukunyiswe ngokunzulu kukulinywa ngaphambili, kuthanda ukuzalwa nophuhliso lwesityalo esitsha sexesha elizayo.. Le yokugqibela, eneneni, iya kukwazi ukufumana indawo efanelekileyo yokusabalalisa iingcambu zayo emhlabeni.
- Umhlaba omtsha awunamanzi kwaye utyebile kwioksijini. Ngokulima, umhlaba uhlaziywa: ngenxa yoko, i-porosity yayo iyanda, into ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuhamba kwamanzi, i-oksijeni kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ukongeza, iintsalela zesivuno sangaphambili, ezithwalwa nzulu likhuba, ziba ngumthombo wokutya kwesityalo esitsha.
- Kukho ulawulo olungqongqo phezu kokhula. Ukushenxisa umhlaba kukwathetha ukutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwezifunxi-gazi ezithintela okanye zithintele ukukhula okuchumileyo kwesityalo.
Ukungalungi kwekhuba
Ngokusungulwa kweteknoloji, ikhuba liye lasiba ngumxholo wengxoxo ngoochwepheshe bezolimo kunye nabaphathi beefama. Obu buchwephesha bukwazisa imiqobo emininzi, ethi ngamanye amaxesha ingqubane nengqikelelo yangoku yozinzo lwendalo. Ezi zezona zinto zingalunganga ngokulima:
Umhlaba uzaliswe ziintsholongwane ezineemfuno ezahlukeneyoNgokuxhomekeke kuluhlu apho zifumaneka khona: ii-microorganisms ze-aerobic zihlala phezu komhlaba, ezifuna i-oksijini eninzi ukuze ziphile; ukuya nzulu, kukho iibhaktheriya ze-anaerobic kunye nomngundo, ophethwe kukudibana nomoya. Kucacile ukuba ukuguqula umhlaba kuthetha ukusebenza kwibhalansi ethambileyo ye-microflora: ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kubangela umonakalo omkhulu., nto leyo ephumela kwilahleko eqhubekayo yokuchuma komhlaba.
Ubunzima obuninzi bekhuba lityumza umhlaba kwaye lenze umaleko, okubizwa ngokuba 'yi-processing bark'., leyo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingena inzulu ngakumbi. Lo maleko awukuvumeli ukudlula kwamanzi nomoya kwaye uthintele ukukhula kwenkqubo yeengcambu zesityalo esitsha, ngokuthe ngcembe kubangele ukulahleka kokuchuma emhlabeni.
Ekugqibeleni, isebenzisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho. Imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo ibandakanya iindleko eziphezulu zepetroli, enempembelelo enkulu yokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, amakhuba afuna amandla amakhulu okutsala kwaye ngenxa yoko iitrektara ezithile, ezinokufikelela kwiindleko eziphezulu.