Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo lwesitshabalalisi sokhula oluye lwadala impikiswano kwihlabathi lezendalo kunye nezolimo. Imalunga nayo Yisonge yonke. IMonsanto yayiyinkampani yezizwe ngezizwe evelisa i-agrochemicals kunye ne-biotechnology emiselwe ezolimo. Enye yezona mpikiswano ziphambili uMonsanto azisebenzisayo ukubanga ukuba yayixhasa i-biotechnology kukuba iyakunceda ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweyeza. Nangona kunjalo, ibikhula izityalo ezinganyangekiyo kwiRoundup ixesha elide nangaphezulu.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele yonke into oyifunayo malunga ne-Roundup herbicide kunye nengxaki efana neMonsanto.
Roundup kunye neMonsanto
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, iMonsanto yasungula umkhankaso wentengiso wokukhuthaza zonke izibonelelo zokutya ezahlukeneyo ezitshintshiweyo zemfuza. Zonke iinkampani zayo kunye neenkampani ezinesiqingatha sinamalungelo obunini kuma-36 okutya okusetyenzisiweyo ngokwemfuza. Oku kutya kulula ukukhula kwizityalo, kuba ziyanyamezela kwizitshabalalisi nakwizifo, ukongeza kwimeko ezingqongileyo.
Enye yezinto eziphambili eziye zagqitywa yiMonsanto njengengxabano yokukhusela ukutya okuguqulwe ngokwemvelo kukuba banceda ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kunye ne-herbicides. Ngale ndlela, bazama ukuqinisekisa igalelo lokutya okukhulu okulinywe ngokwendalo kwaye banqande, kungekuphela nje ungcoliseko kwindalo esingqongileyo kodwa kunye nothando olunokubakho emntwini. Umahluko phakathi kwento oyibhengezayo kwiphulo lokwazisa kunye nenyani kukuba inani lemichiza yokubulala ukhula kwizityalo liyanda. Kwaye kukuba iMonsanto ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu weekhemikhali zezolimo kwaye isebenzisa ubunjineli bemfuzo ukonyusa ukusetyenziswa kwale mibulali yeyeza.
El Roundup yenziwe ngeglyphosate kwaye sisibanzi esibulala ukhula esisetyenziselwa ukubulala ukhula kwizityalo kunye nokuphucula imveliso. Iintlobo ngeentlobo zonyaka, ii-biannuals kunye ne-perennials zingasetyenziswa. Isetyenzisiwe kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo ngokuchasene neesitshi, amatyholo anemithi, ukhula olunamagqabi abanzi kunye nezinye izityalo zentengiso. Ixesha elingaphezulu lo mayeza wokubulala ukhula iyeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo nakwezinye iindawo.
Isebenza njani iRoundup
Olu hlobo lweherbicide luqulathe i-glyphosate kwaye lunokusetyenziswa kumagqabi, kutofwe iziqu kunye neziqu. Inokutshizwa kwakhona kwiziphunzi zomthi kwaye isetyenziswe njengokubulala ukhula ehlathini. Ibulala izityalo njengoko iphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwee-amino acid eziphambili. Ezi ii-amino acid yi-tyrosine, phenylalanine kunye ne-tryptophan. Ukuze ungenelele kwi-synthesis ye-amino acids, kufuneka ivimbele umsebenzi we-enzyme 5-enolpyruvilshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Ukukhula kuyeka kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kokusebenzisa iRoundup.
Nangona ukukhula kuyeka, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba isenzo sayo sicotha kancinci kwaye iziphumo zinokuthatha iintsuku. Umzekelo, amagqabi adla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuba ajike abe tyheli. Le enzyme ayenziwanga zizityalo kuphela kodwa ikwanazo nezinye iintsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, ayilungiswanga zizilwanyana ezanyisayo, ngoko ke isenzo sothintelo lwale enzyme aluchaphazeli izilwanyana ezanyisayo.
Nangona kuvakala kuyindida, siyazi ukuba i-glyphosate a sisithako esisebenzayo kwiRoundup, kwaye ngaphandle koku, iMonsanto yathengwa yiBayer kwaye inelungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwamanye amazwe i-glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean. Ngaphandle kokuba iyinkampani ethengisa kakhulu lo mayeza wokubulala ukhula, ibiphethe ngokudala izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ezinganyangekiyo kulomthi.
Ezinye zezityalo ezithi eyona nto inganyangekiyo kwiRoundup ngumbona, umqhaphu kunye necanola, phakathi kwabanye. Ukusetyenziswa kwale herbicide kuyaziwa njengokuphikisana kwimiba yobungozi kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Impembelelo kokusingqongileyo
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho umqobo wendalo ekunyukeni kweRoundup njengokubulala ukhula kwezolimo. Ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo kwalo mayeza wokulima kunokutshabalalisa imifuno emibi kunye nesityalo ngokwaso. Isisombululo esibonelelwa yinkampani yabadali kukuba bahlala bexhathisa kuleyeza. Amafama anokusebenzisa isixa esikhulu seRoundup ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa ezabo izityalo. Oku kwenza ukuba iMonsanto izuze kabini. Enye into, ufumana zonke izibonelelo ngokuthengisa i-herbicide. Kwelinye icala, wenza imali ngakumbi ngokuthengisa izityalo ezinganyangekiyo kwiyeza. Ekugqibeleni kufana nomhlophe oluma umsila.
Ufanele ukwazi oko ifuthe lokusingqongileyo kula machiza aluhlaza liphezulu kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa okunyanzelekileyo kweekhemikhali kubonisa umngcipheko omkhulu wezendalo kunye nempilo. Nangona lo myeza ungalunganga ebantwini, izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nezilwanyana ngokubanzi, akwaziwa ukuba yintoni ebangela indalo ukuba ivelise ixesha elide. Siyazi ukuba ngenkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokwazo, iikhompawundi ezithile zemichiza zinokugcinwa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Le nkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwezinto ingakhokelela kwiingxaki ezinkulu kwityathanga lokutya.
Uphengululo olwahlukeneyo lwamanqaku enzululwazi lukwazile ukuchaza uthotho lweengxaki zokusingqongileyo kunye nezempilo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwaleyeza. La manqaku acebise ukuba I-Gifosate inokubangela ukuphendulwa kwamammalia kunye nobutyhefu kubandakanya ukubanjwa kunye nokubanjwa kokuphefumla. Oku kuyenzeka kwaye kufihlwe kakuhle kuluntu kuba eyona nto ibangela le tyhefu ayisiyiyo eyona nto iphambili kwiRoundup. Lelinye lamacandelo kunye nezinto ezifakwa ngaphakathi ezingadweliswanga kwaye ezenza ukuba lo mayeza wokubulala ukhula asebenze ngokulula. Phakathi kwezi zinto ze-inert yi-surfactant eyaziwa ngokuba yi-POEA. Ezinye zizezinto eziphilayo ezihambelana neglyphosate kunye ne-isopropylamine.
Njengoko ubona, kukho impikiswano phakathi kweenkampani ezithengisa amayeza okubulala ukhula kunye nezo zichaphazelekayo ngempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukubona ukuba kukho umdla woqoqosho ngokubanzi onokuthi ukhusele okusingqongileyo kunye nothando okanye uthando olunokubakho ebantwini nakwizityalo nezilwanyana zendalo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neRoundup kunye neempawu zayo.