Uma unakile ekilasini le-biology, uzwile ngezingxenye ezahlukene zezitshalo. Kuyacaca ukuthi umhlaba wezitshalo mkhulu kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezitshalo, ngasinye sinezici zaso. Nokho, ezinye zazo zinezitho zokuzala. Nakuba bengayisebenzisi indlela efanayo ukuze bazalane njengathi, isisekelo siyefana: bakhiqiza imbewu enalo lonke ulwazi lofuzo oluzogcina luveza isidalwa esisha esiphilayo. Ama-stamens embali adlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo.
Bayini? Benzani? Nakuba abaningi bezobe bezwile ngaleli gama lesayensi yezitshalo, akubona bonke abazokwazi ukuphendula le mibuzo. Yingakho sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sichaze ayini ama-stamens embali, ahlukaniswa kanjani futhi iyini imisebenzi yawo. Ngamafuphi: Konke odinga ukukwazi. Uma kwenzeka unesithakazelo esihlokweni futhi ungabathandi be-botany, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda, ngoba ngempela umqondo oyisisekelo emhlabeni wemifino.
Yini ama-stamens ne-pistil?
Njengoba abanye benu bengase bazi, kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo kunezimbali zesilisa kanti ezinye zezinsikazi. Laba bamuva banesitho sabo sokuzala, esibizwa ngokuthi i-pistil. Ngokuvamile inomumo ofana ne-acorn futhi ngokuvamile itholakala phakathi nendawo yembali. Endabeni yezimbali ze-hermaphroditic, okungukuthi, lezo ezinezitho zesilisa nezesifazane, ngokuvamile zizungezwe ama-stamens.
Kodwa ziyini iziqu zembali? Nokho, uma i-pistil iyisitho sowesifazane, amastameni yizitho zesilisa. Laba abathwali balokho okubizwa ngokuthi amasaka empova. Kuzo, kudalwa izinhlamvu zempova, ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni nasekudluliseleni impova yalolu hlobo lwezitshalo. Wonke ama-stamens embali akha iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi i-androecium. Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi womabili ama-angiosperms nama-gymnosperm ane-stamens, kodwa i-morphology yawo iyingqayizivele kuwo womabili amaqembu. Kodwa-ke, sinesithakazelo kuma-stamens ezimbali, okungukuthi, ama-angiosperms.
Kulolu hlobo lwezitshalo, ama-stamens ane-anther, lapho kwakhiwa khona izinhlamvu zempova. Ngakho-ke, yingxenye evundile yesitho sowesilisa sembali. Le anther ngokuvamile yakhiwa ingqikithi yama-thecae amabili, okuyizikhwama zempova. I-theca ngayinye iqukethe ama-microsporangia amabili, ahlanganayo akhe indawo eyodwa lapho i-theca isifinyelele ukuvuthwa.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-stamens oyinyumba nawo akhona. Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-staminodes futhi zivela kwezinye izimbali kuphela. Ngokuvamile zifihlwe kahle futhi zifana kakhulu ne-stamens evamile. Zinemisebenzi ehlukene evame ukuhlobana nomsebenzi ohlabayo wamacembe noma ukukhiqizwa kompe. Bangase futhi bavele bamele isici esihlukile phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, njengoba kunjalo ohlotsheni I-Pahiopedilum (ama-orchid), isibonelo. Ukwengeza, kwezinye izikhathi bangase babe nesakhiwo esifana ne-anther engasebenzi. Kulezi zimo zibizwa ngokuthi i-anterodia.
Ahlukaniswa kanjani ama-stamens?
Uma sesicacile ukuthi lezi zitho zezimbali ziyini, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunamaqembu ahlukene azo. Ama-stamens embali angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i-connate ne-adnate. Ezangaphambili zibonakala ngalezi ezihlanganisiwe noma ezihlanganiswe ku-spiral efanayo. Kuleli qembu, kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- i-diadelphos: Ahlanganiswe ngokwengxenye abe yizakhiwo ezimbili zesilisa.
- I-Monadelphos: Zihlanganiswe zibe isakhiwo esisodwa esiyinhlanganisela.
- I-Polyadelphia: Ahlanganiswe okungenani abe yizinhlaka ezintathu zamadoda.
- Ama-Synanthereans: Kuphela anthers, njengoba I-Asteraceae, zibhekwa njengenganekwane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi sineqembu le-adnate. Esimweni esinjalo, ama-stamens ahlangene noma ahlanganiswe abe ama-whorls amaningana, hhayi nje kokukodwa. Futhi lapha kunezinhlobo ezahlukene:
- I-Didinamos: Avela esewonke amapheya amabili futhi anobude obuhlukene.
- ama-epipetals: Zivela ku-whorl yangaphakathi yembali, ebizwa nangokuthi i-corolla, eyakhiwe ngamacembe.
- Ochwepheshe: Badlula i-corolla.
- Okufakiwe noma okufakiwe: Aweqi i-corolla.
- ukuphuma: Zinde kune-corolla.
- I-Tetradynamos: Avela eqenjini elakhiwe ngemicu eyisithupha, emibili yayo emifushane kuneminye.
Umsebenzi we-stamens yembali
Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi ziyini iziqu zembali nokuthi zihlukaniswa kanjani, sekuyisikhathi sokuphawula ngomsebenzi wazo. Nokho, njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, lezi yizitho zesilisa zezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Ngakho-ke akumangalisi lokho umsebenzi wawo ukukhiqiza kabusha isitshalo.
Ama-stamens anesibopho khiqiza futhi ugcine impova, equkethe lonke ulwazi lofuzo lwesitshalo okukhulunywa ngaso. Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa nokugcinwa kwayo, lezi zitho zibuye zisize ukuyihambisa esibelethweni sembali yesifazane. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi a imbewu, kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukwenza ukukhiqizwa kwayo.
Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko ye-stamens yembali yilowo we ukuheha ama-vectors noma i-pollinator. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ngokuvamile, njengamacembe, ashaya kakhulu. Nokho, emehlweni omuntu azihlali zikhanga kangako. Kunezimbali ezithile okunzima ukuzibona kuzo ama-stamens, okungenani kithina. Kodwa izinambuzane noma izinyoni zingazibona ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Ukuze kwandiswe amandla ayo okuheha ukunaka kwama-pollinator, amanye ama-stamens aze akhiqize umpe. Kodwa kuyini lokhu ngempela? Kuyisixazululo esiwuketshezi esiqukethe izinga eliphezulu lama-amino acid, ushukela nama-ion amaminerali, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Le ngxube enomsoco iheha izilwane eziningi, ngaleyo ndlela andise kakhulu amathuba okuzala ngempumelelo kwalesi sitshalo, ngenxa yendlela yokumpova.
Ekuphetheni singasho ukuthi ama-stamens ayizitho ezibalulekile zezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Ngaphandle kwabo bekungeke kwenzeke ukwenza ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Manje uyazi: banakekele!