El I-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Ingesinye sezinto eziphilayo ezilimaza kakhulu zonke izinhlobo zezichasisi ze- amaphayini nama-conifers, futhi kungenye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu izinhlangano zemvelo nomasipala kulo lonke elaseSpain.
Lokhu kuhlobene umphumela wawo mkhulu kakhulu, ubangela ukubola okusheshayo kwalolu hlobo lwezimila, kungabangeli ukulimala kwemvelo kuphela, kepha nomonakalo wezomnotho kuzo zonke izifunda zezwe.
Yini I-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
El I-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus yisifo somuthi esivame ukuvela ezinhlotsheni zePines futhi kwezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla ze-coniferous, okuba nomphumela osheshayo kanye nomthelela ezihlahleni, kubenze babole ngokushesha futhi kube nzima kakhulu ukululama, kubashiye bebunile ngokuphelele futhi belahlekelwa yizo zonke izakhiwo zabo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla ezivame ukuba nalolu hlobo lwesifo. ESpain kuphela, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ukungenwa yilesi sifo yizo Iphayini yaseScots, the uphayini omnyama futhi i uphayini omncane. Kukhona abanye abathintekile, kepha ezingeni eliphansi kancane kunalelo elishiwo ngaphambili, ukuzwela kwawo akukukhulu kangako ukuthi kungabalimaza kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezingozi ezinkulu ezingalethwa yilesi sifo, ukwehla okungazelelwe kwezihlahla, ngakho-ke inhlekelele yemvelo eletha izinguquko ezinqala ezindaweni eziphila emahlathini futhi lapho kuhlala khona lezi zinhlobo zikaphayini.
Ngasikhathi sinye, imboni yezinkuni ingahlukumezeka kakhulu ezindaweni lapho lesi silokazane sikhula khona kakhulu, okuthile okubangela ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuvalelwa wedwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ukuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezimpawu nemiphumela yalesi sifo.
Origen
Ukusatshalaliswa kwalesi silokazane esithinta izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla emhlabeni jikelele inomsuka wayo emazweni aseNyakatho Melika, lapho empeleni kungakhi umonakalo omkhulu, ngoba izinhlobo zikaphayini nama-conifers atholakala lapho aveza isilinganiso esikhulu sokumelana kunalezo ezikhula eYurophu.
Lesi sidalwa sawela izilwandle ngokuhweba izinkuni lokho kwathinteka, okokuqala kwafinyelela emazweni athile ezwekazini lase-Asia, lapho yayizothola khona futhi ifake ezinhlotsheni ezingenazo izici zokuqina okufana nezaseMelika futhi ezizoqala ukuthinta izihlahla ezibucayi kakhulu.
Lokhu kwanda kuyo yonke le ndawo kwenzeka phakathi namashumi eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-XNUMX., lapho ubukhona bayo namanje kungaziwa futhi bekukholelwa ukuthi izimpawu zalesi sifo zibangelwe olunye uhlobo lwezinambuzane, ezivela emndenini wabagibeli.
Kodwa lokho kwehla okungazelelwe kwezihlahla zase-Asia, ikakhulukazi amaShayina, amaKorea namaTaiwan kwakudalwe yilo mzimba ibizwa nangokuthi i-pinewood nematode.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba kufike ikhulu lama-XNUMX, amacala okuqala we I-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ezihlahleni ezise-European Union, ikakhulukazi ePortugal, into eyabeka i-alamu yokuqapha kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, ngenxa yokwanda kwawo enkabeni nasenyakatho yenhlabathi yasePortugal.
Yiziphi izimpawu?
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ziyini izimpawu zalesi sinambuzane, kufanele siqale siqonde ukuthi lesi sifo sikaphayini Idluliswa ngesinambuzane esibizwa ngokuthi UMonochamus.
Ukugcwala kwezihlahla ezahlukahlukene ezisesimweni esinempilo kwenzeka ngezenzo ezimbili ezihlukene: Lapho lesi sinambuzane sondla kulezi zikhulu kanye nama-conifersngakho-ke lapho bebeka amaqanda ezihlahleni asevele esenqubo yokubola.
Izimpawu ngeke zitholakale ekuqaleni, futhi lapho lezi zinambuzane zithwala khona bese ziyifaka ephayini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa uze uqale ukubona ukuwohloka kulokhu.
Lokhu kwehla okubangelwe yi- I-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus izobonakala kwasekuqaleni endaweni ephezulu yesihlahla, ukubona amanye amagatsha uyiwo ngokuphelele kanye nesimo esonakele ngamathoni aphuzi noma ansundu ezindaweni lapho okuluhlaza kuvame ukugcwala khona.
Lokhu okokuqala sizokubona engxenyeni engenhla, izoqala ukuthatha lonke iphayini, futhi ifinyelela engxenyeni engezansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela idale ukuhlukaniswa kwemisipha nokuwohloka okuvamile. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ngonyaka ngemuva kokungeniswa kwesifo isifanekiso sizofa.
I-Monochamus galloprovincialis
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane ze-vector UMonochamus, okuthiwa izifundazwe nguyena onobukhona obuvame kakhulu ngaphakathi kweYurophu. Le vector ingatholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamahlathi nezibungu zayo, iziqukathi ze- I-Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Banenqubo ende yokulala ubuthongo ezinkuni zezinhlobo ezahlukene zikaphayini.
Lezi zibungu, lapho kufika intwasahlobo, siyobe sesithuthukile futhi sizoba yisinambuzane esiqukethe lesi sifo, umzuzwana lapho bazondla khona bazondizela ngasezihlahleni yingakho le ndawo iyona ethinteka kakhulu ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlobene nokuthi lezi zinambuzane zidla utshani obusha obutholakala kule ngxenye engenhla yama-conifers.
Izinga lokushisa lizoba nomthelela ngqo ekukhuleni kwabantu yalolu hlobo lwesinambuzane, okuyizimo zezulu lapho amazinga okushisa nomswakama ophakeme kunayo yonke, okuyiyona nto elungele kakhulu ukuzala futhi kube abathwali besifo. Kepha ukwanda kwazo emhlabeni wonke akuzi ngokwanda kwezinambuzane nokusakazeka kwazo ngokwemvelo, kepha kwenzeka ngokuhweba ngokhuni.
Izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka eYurophu
Ukufika kwalokhu uphayini wokhuni nematode indawo yasePutukezi ekuqaleni kwalesi sikhathi seminyaka eyi-millennium, ibangele ukuqwashisa nezinyathelo okumele zicatshangelwe phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala ka-2000, ukuze bonke abantu abathola lesi sifo, bathathe izinyathelo ezifanele nezinyathelo zokuqeda nya.
Ngakho, ukulawula okuphelele kufanele kwenziwe kubantu bakaphayini kanye nama-conifers avela njengezilwane ezizwela kakhulu futhi futhi alawula isinambuzane esikhiqiza isinambuzane, kuzo zonke izindawo eziphilayo lapho kungenzeka khona, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingakhawulelwe njengoba kushiwo ephuzwini lokuqala.