Shea noma IVitellaria paradoxa Kungumuthi odabuka e-Afrika othela isithelo esaziswa kakhulu izimboni zezimonyo, ezemithi nezokudla.. Kuyabonakala futhi njengesithako esibalulekile sokudla kwendabuko nokuthi izithelo zomuthi ziqukethe ngaphakathi kwenadi eyaziwa ngabantu bendawo njengeKarité, futhi iyingxenye yezilwane ezingcwele ze-savannah yase-Afrika.
Kunezilimo ezithile ezaziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi esithathwa yimvelo ukukhiqiza izithelo zazo. Isihlahla se-shea siphakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, okuthi kanye nesihlahla somnqumo singaphila ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingi, futhi njengoba ziphila isikhathi eside, zithatha isikhathi ukunikeza isivuno sazo sokuqala.
Origen
Isihlahla seKarité sidabuka e-savannah yase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eBurkina Faso, eMali, eSudan nase-Ivory Coast. Leli gama elithile linencazelo ngolimi lwendawo lelo kusho: isihlahla sebhotela. Izizwe zesifunda zikubheka njengomuthi ongcwele ngakho izithelo zingakhiwa kuphela uma sezivele zawela phansi, lokhu futhi kube isihlahla somhlobiso ngokuphelele.
IVitellaria paradoxa Yigama lesayensi futhi lingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-15 ukuphakama. Okomndeni wakwaSapotaceae, odabuka esifundeni esimaphakathi nezwekazi lase-Afrika. I-pulp ihlanganisa imbewu emnandi enomsoco kakhulu futhi ecebile ngamafutha abalulekile.
Izici ze-Shea
I-Shea ngumuthi onempilo ende kuze kufike emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka, lapho isiqu singafinyelela amamitha amabili nesihlahla uqobo, ngaphezulu kweshumi ukuphakama.
Iqala ukuthela izithelo ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu kuthi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili inikeze isivuno esihle kakhulu, iqhubeke kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nekhulu ubudala. Izithelo zingama-drup ayinyama avuthwa phakathi kwezinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisithupha, ngokungeziwe, aqukethe phakathi nendawo imbewu ye-alimondi eneshelfu enhle.
Amagatsha esihlahla mancane futhi anamagxolo abomvu-mpunga ngaphakathi, izimbali ziyabonakala kusuka ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi. Isivuno esihle kakhulu sesithelo singama-20 kg, alingana no-5 kg wama-walnut. okugcina kugcine kube nekhilo yebhotela. Isihlahla besilokhu sikhule njalo endle futhi ukuvuna nokuqoqa akuyona into elula, ngakho-ke umkhiqizo wokugcina uyaziswa kakhulu futhi uyaziswa.
Ukulima nokunakekela
Ukutshalwa kweShea akuyona into elula, ikakhulukazi ngoba kudinga izimo ezithile zemvelo futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuvuthwa futhi kuthele izithelo. Noma kunjalo, Kungacaciswa imibandela yalolu hlobo lwesihlahla ukuze ichume.
Lesi sihlahla sizalwa emazweni aphansi futhi omile phakathi kwamamitha ayi-600 kuya kwayi-1500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ububanzi bezinga lokushisa elingabubekezelela busuka ku-18 ° C kuye ku-48 ° C, kepha okuhle kuphakathi kuka-24 no-38 ° C. Kubuye kungabi nobungani kakhulu nemvula eningi, ibekezelela ubukhulu obungu-1,800mm, ekahle inhlabathi emanzi.
Ingavuleleka ngqo elangeni futhi ibekezelele kanzima umthunzi omncane. Umhlabathi kumele ubumbeke, ube nesihlabathi, uhla lwe-pH luphakathi kuka-6 no-7 futhi lunothe ngezinto eziphilayo. Lesi sitshalo singahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: i- Indida kanye neNilotica.
Owokuqala uzalwa ezindaweni eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa ezingeqi kuma-600 m. Owesibili ukhula emhlabathini ophakeme kancane kunamamitha angama-450 - 1,600. Abalimi bendawo basivikela kakhulu lesi sihlahla, hhayi ngoba ithathwa njengengcwele kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yomthombo obalulekile wezakhamzimba ezimele, ikakhulukazi eSudan, lapho izihlahla ezingama-40% kuyiKarite.
Isihlahla sikhiqiza i-taproot efinyelela kokukodwa futhi kwesinye isikhathi amamitha amabili ubude, nezimpande ezingezansi ezingezansi ezigxile ekujuleni kwe-10 cm futhi zinwebeke zifike kumamitha ayi-20 esihlahleni. Izimpande zesibili eziseceleni zikhula ziye phansi, icishe ifinyelele ekujuleni okufana nempande yompompi.
Uhlelo lwesibili lwempande lukhula ngokuqinile phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokukhula. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi izithombo zikhiqize amahlumela amasha lapho ezokuqala zilinyazwa yisomiso. Ukukhula kokuqala kwesiqu kuhamba kancaneIgatsha livame ukuvela ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4 kuya kwengu-7.
Isihlahla siqala ukuqhakaza eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala bese siqala ukuthela izithelo zaso zokuqala ezineminyaka ephakathi kwengu-15 nengama-25. Izimbali zokuqala zingaba yinyumba. Ukuvuthwa empeleni kufinyelela phakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-45, ngempilo yayo ewusizo phakathi kweminyaka engama-200 nengama-300. Ukuwa kwamaqabunga, ukuqhakaza, ububomvu nokuqala kwezithelo kwenzeka ngenkathi eyomile.
Amaqabunga athanda ukuwa ekuqaleni kwawo. Izihlahla azivamile ukuba namaqabunga ngokuphelele noma isikhathi esifushane kuphela. Izimbali zivela ngokushesha lapho kuqala inkathi eyomile, ithela izithelo ezingaba ngu-25%. Isithelo sikhula phakathi kwezinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisithupha, sifinyelela eqophelweni eliphezulu lokuvuthwa phakathi nesikhathi semvula. Inani lokukhiqizwa kwezihlahla liyahlukahluka. Kusampula ethathwe eBurkina Faso, okungcono kakhulu Izihlahla ezingama-25% zikhiqize ama-60% wesivunokanti izihlahla ezingama-30% ezihlwempu kakhulu zithele izithelo ezincane.
Isihlahla esisesimweni esihle kakhulu singathela izithelo ezifika ku-15 kuye ku-30 kg ngonyaka. Ngonyaka omuhle ingakhuphukela ku-50kg, kepha ibe ngu-15kg kuphela eminyakeni emibili ezayo. Yize umjikelezo wokukhiqiza ocacile ungakaze ubonwe, ukuhlaziywa kubonisa ukuthambekela kwezihlahla ukuthi zikhiqize isivuno esisodwa kuphela njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma emi-3.
Lezi zinhlobo ziyakwazi ukubekezelela umlilo, yize kwesinye isikhathi ukukhula kwayo nezithelo kuthintwa yile nto. Ngakho-ke, izihlahla kufanele zivikelwe ngokukhipha izindandatho. Lesi sihlahla siyindawo yokuhlala amakhekheba ezinyosi, okusenza sibe ngumthombo obalulekile woju futhi isifuba esibekwe emagatsheni aso siqinisekiswa ngenani elihle le-nectar kanye nempova.
Izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa
El Uwoyela weShea noma ibhotela Itholakala ngemuva kokubilisa nokuchoboza ama-alimondi angaphakathi kwesithelo, lokhu kuyinto edliwayo ngokuphelele futhi enomsoco kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa ngokwesiko ekudleni kwasendaweni. Futhi inokusetshenziswa okubalulekile embonini yoshokoledi njengengxenye yebhotela le-cocoa.
Izinhlanganisela ezinkulu zikaShea yi-palmitic acid (2-6%), i-stearic acid (15-25%), i-oleic acid (60-70%), i-linolenic acid (5-15%), i-linoleic acid (<1%). La mafutha ayaziwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngezindawo zawo zokuthambisa, yingakho isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamalungiselelo amaningi embonini yezimonyo.
Iphinde isetshenziswe njengesikrini esivikelayo nesenza sibe mnandi isikhumba nezinwele, ukuvimbela imibimbi, izimpawu zokwelula kanye nokukhuthaza isikhumba. Ingasetshenziselwa zonke izinhlobo zokwelashwa ezihlose ukuthuthukisa isikhumba.
Ukukhula nokuvuna kweShea kuqasha abesifazane abangaphezu kwama-300000 unyaka nonyaka e-Afrika. Umkhiqizo uphathwa ngokucophelela ngenqubo yobuciko eyi-100%, lapho imbewu ihlukaniswa futhi igezwe, ichotshozwe, yosiwe futhi igaywe ukuze kutholakale unamathisela onsundu oshaywayo kuze kutholakale ibhotela.
Ngemuva kwalokho kususwa ukungcola ngokubilisa nokuhlunga kaningana. Ngekhilo ngalinye lesithelo uthola u-400 gr. wembewu. Inani lebhotela elingacutshungulwa nakanjani liyisipho semvelo lokho akukashintshwa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.