Imvubelo, ulwelwe kanye nesikhunta, ndawonye ukusinda kobulembu

Njengoba sibonile kokuthunyelwe kwangaphambilini mayelana ubulembu, zidinga izimo ezithile zemvelo ukuze zikwazi ukusinda kahle futhi zikhiqize kahle kuze kube yikholoni indawo.

I-lichen ingumphumela wobudlelwano be-symbiotic phakathi kwe-alga ne-fungus. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi, ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi kangaka befunda ubulembu, bathole okusha: kulobo budlelwane babili, kunesithathu, imvubelo. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi kangaka yocwaningo, ososayensi bengakakuboni ukuba khona kwemvubelo kulobu budlelwane bokufanelana?

Ubudlelwano be-Symbiotic phakathi kwe-alga ne-fungus

Impela wake walibona idwala elinamabala ebusweni balo empilweni yakho. Ibala elimibala yalo ingahluka phakathi komnyama, onsundu, owolintshi noma oluhlaza okotshani. Ubuye wakwazi ukubona lezi zindawo ophahleni, ezindlini ezindala, ezihlahleni, njll. Lezi zindawo ozibonile yizintambo ezakhiwa ngokuhlangana phakathi kwe-alga nefungus.

Emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Sithola izidalwa eziphilayo ezinekhono phakathi kwazo, ezinye eziyizinambuzane nabanye abanobudlelwano izinzuzo zombili. Ngaphezu kwe-symbiosis, igama lobuchwepheshe elifanele kunazo zonke ukuvumelana. Ukubambisana kungubudlelwano obuphakathi kwe-algae nefungus ezakha ubulembu lapho amaqembu womabili azuza khona ebudlelwaneni. Yini eningayithola nobabili kulobu budlelwano?

Empilweni yelitshe, ulwelwe ludlala indima ebalulekile ye- yenza i-photosynthesis ukuze ikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinto eziphilayo ku-fungus. Sima isikhashana ukuchaza ukuthi isikhunta asizona izidalwa ezizimele, okungukuthi, azihlanganisi ukudla kwazo njengezitshalo. Amakhowe adinga izinto eziphilayo ukuze ondle. Le nto ephilayo inikelwa yi-algae ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis. Ukubuyisela umusa kulwandle lwasolwandle, ukhunta uthatha amanzi nosawoti wamaminerali kusuka endaweni lapho ahlala khona, noma ngabe yomile kanjani, futhi kuyinikeza ukuvikeleka ekukhutshweni komthetho.

Njengoba sibona, lobu budlelwano buya ngokuya buqina. Kokubili ukunqoba nokuphatha ukusinda ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi impela.

Ulusizo kangakanani?

Sibubonile ubudlelwano obufanele ulwelwe nesikhunta bakwazi ukwakha ubulembu. Kepha yini esiyisebenzisela ubulembu? Ama-lichen asetshenzisiwe kuwo wonke umlando ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene esizithola sitholakala kuzo:

• IManna lichen, ekhula eNyakatho Afrika naseCanary Islands, ingasetshenziswa njengokudla. ENyakatho Pole, ama-reindeer ne-caribou adla obulembu.
• Emkhakheni wemithi abakujwayele thola ama-antibiotics, uvithamini C, nodayi, njenge-litmus.
• Ezimonyo zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha izithako namakha.

Ngifuna nokusho ukuthi ubulembu njengamanje busetshenziswa njenge izinkomba zokungcola. Njengoba sibonile kokuthunyelwe kwangaphambilini okukhulunywe ngaphambili, ubulembu budinga izimo ezithile zomkhathi nezokuphilayo ukuze baphile. Basengozini yokushisa, imvula, umswakama, ubukhona bezilwane ezidlayo, njll. Nokho, lesi sidalwa sisebenza njengenkomba yokungcola. Ukuba sengozini yezinhlayiya ezimisiwe ezibangelwa ukungcoliswa komoya noma amanzi nenhlabathi, ubulembu abumili kulezi zindawo. Ngakho-ke, uma sibona ukuthi indawo ihlangabezana nezimo ezifanele zokuthi ubulembu buphile kahle, kepha singayiboni, izositshela ukuthi le ndawo ingcolile.

Imvubelo njengengxenye yesithathu yobudlelwano

Sibonile ukuthi lichen iqukethe ini nokuthi isebenzisani nabantu. Kodwa-ke, ungacabangani uma ngingakutshela ukuthi ulwelwe kanye nefungus akuzona kuphela ezikhona ebudlelwaneni obakha ubulembu? Kusukela esikhathini sokuphila, ezikoleni, ezikhungweni nasemanyuvesi, noma nini lapho kufundwa ubulembu, baqala ngokuchaza ukuthi lobu budlelwano obulinganayo phakathi kukalwalwa kanye nesikhunta. Kepha izifundo ezisanda kwenziwa qinisekisa ukuthi kunengxenye yesithathu yobudlelwano: imvubelo.

Kwiplanethi kukhona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-15.000 zelengele futhi konke kufundwe ngesisekelo sokuthi kungumphumela wobudlelwano obuphakathi kwe-algae nefungus. Kepha namhlanje, mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuqala ukushintsha lo mbono. Imvubelo iyingxenye yalesi sivumelwano phakathi kwe-algae ne-fungus njengengxenye ye-lichen. Ososayensi abakwazanga ukuthola ukutholakala kwalesi sidalwa ngaphambi ngisho nangezingilazi ezinamandla zokuhlaziya nangemva kwamakhulu eminyaka nezizukulwane zezifundo.

Abathola le ngxenye yesithathu yobudlelwano bebelokhu ucwaningo lwangemva kokwenza umsebenzi kaToby Spribille nozakwabo abavela eManyuvesi aseMontana eMissoula, Uppsala (Sweden), Graz (Austria), Purdue (USA) kanye neCanada Institute for Advanced Research eToronto. Ukuze benze lokhu kutholakala, zisetshenziswe ngokujula, ngaphandle kokubuka okunamandla okuncane, ngokubhekwa kofuzo.

Ukutadisha ubulembu obunobuthi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo

Lokhu kutholakala bekusembozweni salo magazini Isayensi futhi ucabanga konke inguquko yalokho okwakwaziwa ngobulembu nokuziphatha kwabo, ukusinda, ubudlelwano, i-phenology, njll. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kososayensi mayelana nokuhlola kabusha lonke ulwazi nokucabanga okukhona (noma okuyisisekelo kunazo zonke) mayelana nendlela ama-lichen akheka ngayo, ukuthi asinda kanjani, iyiphi indima ngayinye ebudlelwaneni edlala ngayo, mayelana nokuthi ubani odlala yiphi indima , nezinye izindaba.

Ngokusobala, cishe cishe konke okutholwe yisayensi, lokho kwakungeyona into yokufunda. Isisusa sososayensi bekuwukuthola ukuthi kungani izinhlobo ezimbili zelitshe zihlobene kakhulu futhi zihlala endaweni efanayo yemvelo zinomehluko omkhulu kangaka: eyodwa inobuthi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kanti enye ayiyona. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kwakujulise imfihlakalo kuphela, ngoba lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zazinama-genome afanayo. Noma kwabonakala kanjalo.

Imvubelo yatholwa sibonga i-lichen DNA

Ukuchaza lokhu okutholakele, kufanele kushiwo ezinye izakhi zebhayoloji yamangqamuzana. Siqala ngoba izakhi zofuzo zenziwe nge-DNA, kepha ukuze kusebenze lezi zofuzo, kufanele kuvulwe i-helix ephindwe kabili yezisekelo ezine-nitrogen futhi kukhishwe ikhophi yomunye wemicu yalo. Le khophi esiyikhipha kwi-double helix akuyona i-DNA ngoba inentambo eyodwa kuphela, yingakho siyibiza ngokuthi i-RNA. Ngakho-ke, uma umuntu ehlola le ntambo ye-RNA, ubheke ngokungaqondile kwizakhi zofuzo ezisebenza kakhulu kulelo seli.

Lokhu yilokhu ososayensi abekwenza. Bahlaziye i-RNA yalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zobulembu, ukuze bathole ukuthi kungani enye yayinobuthi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kanti enye yayingeyona. Impela ngokulandelana kwe-RNA bangathola isizathu salesi simo. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwawo womabili ama-RNA, kwatholakala umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu: futhi iqiniso ukuthi i-RNA ibingahambelani kuphela nefungus eyaziwa nge-symbiosis, kodwa futhi nolunye uhlobo lwefungus, imvubelo. Le imvubelo ayizange ibonwe ngokuphelele kangangekhulu leminyaka nohhafu lwezifundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo lwelulwane olwaluyingozi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo lwaluqukethe okuningi kakhulu kwemvubelo kunezinhlobo ezazingeyona ubuthi.

Ekuhlaziyweni kwangaphambilini kwezinye izinhlobo zobulembu, le imvubelo ibinganakiwe ngoba ingamaseli amancane kakhulu kulobu budlelwano be-symbiont. Sithola ikhophi elilodwa noma amabili kuphela e-DNA kuseli ngalinye. Kodwa-ke, sekutholakele ukuthi ezinye zofuzo zazo ziyasebenza kakhulu futhi zingenza amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamakhophi e-RNA ngeDNA ngayinye. Lokho kwakuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo. Futhi, impela, yimvubelo echaza ukuthi kungani enye i-lichen inobuthi kanti enye ayinayo, yize ifana kukho konke okunye.

Ukufundwa kobulembu emhlabeni jikelele

Lokhu kutholakala kungenziwa ku-lichen yaseMontana ukuthola ukuthi kungani enye yayinobuthi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kanti enye yayingeyona, yize yayine-genome efanayo. Noma kunjalo, Abaphenyi babheka ukuba khona kwalemvubelo ku-lichen emhlabeni jikelele. Ukusuka eJapan kuye e-Antarctica ngeLatin America noma e-Ethiopia. Njengoba bekulindelekile, ingxenye yesithathu yalobu budlelwano bokuhlangana itholakala kubo bonke ubulembu emhlabeni. Kuyingxenye esabalele yesifo sokudideka esidume kakhulu ku-biology.

Ngakho-ke kusukela manje kuqhubeke, lapho sichaza ubulembu, kufanele sisho ukuthi ubuhlobo obulinganayo phakathi kwe-alga, isikhunta nemvubelo (yize imvubelo uqobo lwayo iluhlobo lwesikhunta), ngoba le mvubelo ibilokhu ikhona kuwo wonke ubulembu kuwo wonke umlando, noma kunjalo, ibifihliwe kuzo zonke izingilazi ezikhulisa ososayensi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100. Ososayensi bakutholile nakwezinye izikhathi, kepha abakaqapheli phambilini.