I-Cretaceous, isikhathi lapho kuvela khona izitshalo eziqhakazayo.
Ukuvela kwezitshalo kuyindaba ethokozisayo, ngoba sekudlule amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka kusukela kulwelwe lokuqala oluhlaza kuya ekubukekeni kwezinhlobo zesimanje. Kepha uma sigxila ekuphenyeni lezo ezikhiqiza izimbali futhi zivikele imbewu yazo esithelweni, ukuzijabulisa kolwazi kuthakazelisa kakhulu uma kungenzeka, ngoba namuhla izitshalo eziningi ezihlobisa izingadi nemizi yethu zinezici.
Ngalesi sizathu, abacwaningi ngeke bame baze baxazulule konke ukungabaza okuvelile futhi okuvelayo namuhla. Ngenxa yalokhu, namuhla singazi ukuthi zazinjani izimbali zangaphambi komlando.
Ziyini izitshalo eziqhakazayo?
Lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo zaziwa ngazo angiosperms. Lelo igama elivela esiGrekini, futhi lakhiwe nge-angión (kusho ingilazi noma i-amphora), kanye ne-sperma (imbewu). Ngamanye amagama, ama-angiosperms yilezo zitshalo ezivikela imbewu yazo esithelweni. Kepha ngaphezu kwalokho, bavame ukukhiqiza izimbali ezibukisa kakhulu.
Kukholakala ukuthi baqala ukuvela kwabo ngesikhathi seCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-140 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungeke kube lula ukuthi noma ngubani kithi asinde, ngoba uMhlaba wawubuswa ama-dinosaurs, futhi isimo sezulu sasifudumele kakhulu kunanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni naphakathi nenkathi, lapho izinga lokushisa ulwandle olusishisayo Babephakathi kuka-9 no-12ºC ngaphezulu kunalokho okukhona manje.
Ngesimo sezulu esifudumele kangako, izinambuzane zazikwazi ukukhula futhi zahlukahluka, into engangabaza 'iphoqe' imvelo yokutshala ukuthola ezinye izindlela zokuzivumelanisa nemvelo. Enye yalezo zindlela kwaba ukuvela kwezimbali ezinemibala ekhangayo, ubujamo kanye / noma iphunga lalezi zinambuzane. Kusukela lapho kuya phambili, zombili izitshalo nezilwane ze-angiosperm (ikakhulukazi ama-herbivores kanye nama-omnivores) zikwazile ukuvela ngokushesha okukhulu, ukuzivumelanisa kangcono nokuhle lapho zihlala khona.
Zazinjani izimbali zokuqala?
Isithombe - CNRS
Njengamanje, sinenhlanhla yokukwazi ukuhlala kwiplanethi lapho kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-300.000 zezitshalo ze-angiosperm ezihlala kwenye indawo emhlabeni. Izihlahla, izihlahla, izintende, i-bulbous, i-herbaceous, izitshalo ezikhuphukayo, i-cacti kanye ne-succulents, ... Ziningi, futhi inani elikhulu lazo lingakhanyisa izimpilo zethu uma sizikhulisa engadini, kuvulandi, kuvulandi, ithala kanye / noma engadini yezithelo.
Kepha omunye wemibuzo othakazelisa kakhulu ukuxazulula ukuthi: yayinjani leyo mbali yokuqala? Zaziyini izici zayo? Ngabe ibukeka ifana nezinye izimbali zesimanje? Kuyavela ukuthi isifundo esishicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi Nature, ikhombisa eyodwa okungukuthi, masithembeke, sihle kakhulu.
Ukuze ube nomqondo omncane noma omncane wokuthi babenjani, okwenziwe ngabaphenyi kwakuhlanganisa amamodeli amaningi wokuziphendukela kwemvelo nochungechunge lwemininingwane yezimbali yamanje. Izimbali ezimbalwa ebezisebenza esifundweni, ngokwesibonelo, yilezo zomnyezane, umagnolia, umnduze noma i- Inyoni evela epharadesi.
Umphumela ukhombisa ukuthi Imbali yokuqala kwakungu-hermaphrodite, okungukuthi, yayinezingxenye zombili zesilisa nezinsikazi, nokuthi amacembe alo ahlelwa amathathu ngantathu. Ngokuqondene nosayizi nombala, kunzima ukukutshela. Ngemininingwane abayisebenzisile, kubonakala sengathi ibimhlophe, futhi iphakathi nendawo, mhlawumbe ngamasentimitha ama-3-4 ububanzi, kodwa njengoba ngisho, ngaphandle kweminye imininingwane lokhu kuseyimibono nje.
Imbali endala yatholakala kuphi?
Isithombe - Wikimedia / Luis Fernández García
Kuze kube manje, sikhulume ngokuhlolwa kwesayensi, kepha… manje ake siqhubekele ensaleni yezinsalela. Yayiphi imbali yokuqala? Ungamangala: izinsalela ezitholakele zembali yokuqala zitholakala eSpain, ikakhulukazi, esifundeni sezintaba esiphakathi kweLleida neHuesca, ohlelweni lwe-Iberia naseSierra del Montsec.
Igama layo lesayensi ngu UMontsechia vidalii, futhi ngokusho kwe- ukutadisha eyenziwa amanyuvesi ahlukahlukene, afana neBarcelona, futhi ashicilelwa kwiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, akuthole lokho waphila iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-130 edlule, naseCretaceous. Ukwazi kahle ubudala bayo, izici zayo nendlela yayo yokuphila, ochwepheshe bahlaziye izinsalela ezingaphezu kuka-1000 zezinsalela, futhi babazi ukuthi yiyona ethakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba yayingenawo amacembe noma ama-sepals, kodwa yayinezithelo ezazivikela imbewu, yingakho kubhekwa njenge-angiosperm.
Futhi, wakwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi, uketshezi olwaluyindlela yokwenza impova ifinyelele kwezinye izimbali futhi ngaleyo ndlela izinike impova, okwenza kube nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngokungangabazeki kwakuyisitshalo okufanele ngabe sasisebenza njengesiphephelo sezinto eziphila emanzini.
Ucabangani ngalezi zimbali? Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, yize kungumlando, akudingeki ukuthi babe bahle kakhulu. Uma bekhona futhi bemakethwa namuhla, ungathanda ukutshala eyodwa engadini yakho noma kuvulandi?