Ezolimo ziyehluka ngokuya ngomnotho wezwe. Sithola ukuthi emazweni angathuthuki kunenkulumompikiswano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezolimo eziphikisanayo futhi eziphikisanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinefayela le- ezolimo zendabuko ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- ukutshalwa kwezolimo. Ezolimo zendabuko yilezo ezihlinzeka umnotho ngezinga elincane, ngokuphila, kubo bonke abalimi futhi unikeze imakethe yendawo ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ezolimo ezitshaliwe yizo ezilandela inhloso yokukwazi ukuhlinzeka zonke izimakethe zamazwe acebe kakhulu futhi kulokhu zisebenzisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eyaziwa kusukela ku-green revolution.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici zokutshala kwezolimo nokuthi kubaluleke ngani kula mazwe.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukulima okutshalwayo kwaziwa njengendawo yokubamba ezolimo etholakala esifundeni esishisayo noma esishisayo futhi ikakhulu eqasha abasebenzi abahola nabo kungenzeka ukwenza inzuzo nokutshala i-monoculture eyodwa. Lapho indawo yezolimo ine-monoculture eyodwa, inohlobo olulodwa kuphela olukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Lezi zitshalo ngokuvamile ziyimikhiqizo eshisayo. Le yindlela esithola ngayo inkampani enempahla enkulu futhi esebenzisa ngqo le modi yokulima.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa futhi kwehliswe izindleko, isebenzisa abasebenzi abahola imali futhi isebenzisa bonke izindlela zobuchwepheshe nezesayensi ukuthi inguquko eluhlaza ibeka kutholakale kalula. Igama le-green change livela kuleyo mikhiqizo okunikezwe kuyo izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe ngenxa yenguquko yezimboni. Ngale ndlela, ngokwethulwa kwalezi zinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kwakwenzeka ukuthi kwandiswe umkhiqizo womhlaba futhi kwakwazi ukondla inani labantu elanda njalo. Inhloso esemqoka yokuguqulwa okuluhlaza ukuqeda indlala emhlabeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izitshalo beziningi kakhulu ngaphandle kwesimo sezulu endaweni ngayinye.
Konke lokhu kusetshenziswa kolwazi lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwezolimo kwaziwa ngokuthi inguquko eluhlaza. Ukutshala kwezolimo kuhlomula ingxenye enkulu kokutholwe okunikezwe inguquko eluhlaza. Phakathi kwalezi zinzuzo sithola ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zembewu enesivuno esikhulu nakho konke okokufaka okudingekayo ukuze ukwazi ukwandisa imiphumela yakho. Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukwandisa umkhiqizo ngezindleko eziphansi.
Izinto zenguquko eluhlaza
Kule nguquko eluhlaza bangenisiwe imbewu entsha emelana kakhulu nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene ezimbi. Zivame ukuba rustic kakhulu, futhi ziyamelana kakhulu nezikhathi zesomiso nezikhukhula. Ukuze le mbewu ikhule kahle, izakhiwo zokunisela, umanyolo okhethekile, ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane nemishini kuyadingeka ukukhulisa imiphumela. Konke lokhu kusetshenziswa kuguqula ezolimo zitshale zibe uhlobo lwenqubo yezimboni.
Izitshalo ezivame kakhulu ezitholakala kwezolimo ezitshaliwe yilezi: umoba, ubhanana, ikhofi, ukhokho, ukhukhunathi, ihevea, amakinati, ugwayi, ezisawolintshi, uwoyela wesundu, i-cinchona, itiye nokotini, phakathi kokunye. Hlala ukhumbula lokho lolu hlobo lwezolimo luzinikele ngokuphelele esivinini esisodwa. Ukuzinikela esitshalweni esisodwa kuthatha ubungozi obuhlukahlukene emnothweni osuselwa kulolu hlobo lwezolimo. Futhi ngukuthi uma izimo zezemvelo zingahambi kahle zithinta sonke isitshalo.
Ubungozi buba buphawuleka nakakhulu uma i-monoculture eyodwa isakazeka emasimini amaningi ezweni. Noma kunjalo lapho umnotho walelo zwe uncike kulo mkhiqizo. Imvamisa, amazwe athuthukile anezolimo ezikhutshelwa ukuthekelisa cishe wonke umkhiqizo wazo. Ukusebenza kwalo msebenzi wezomnotho Kuya ngezintengo zomhlaba wonke zalowo mkhiqizo ngaleso sikhathi. Leli nani lizoya ngesidingo samazwe acebile nokuthi abanye abakhiqizi abashibhile bangaveli. Ngamanye amagama, ezolimo ezitshaliwe nazo zincintisana kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe kanye nemithelela yezolimo ezitshalwayo
Amasimu amakhulu alolu hlobo lwezolimo atholakala emazweni ampofu. Lokhu Akukhona nje ukuthi imikhiqizo enikezwa yizinhlobo zamasimu zishisa kakhulu. Esinye sezizathu ezinkulu zokutshala ezolimo kulezi zindawo kungenxa yokuthi umhlaba wakhona ushibhile kakhulu. Kushibhile kangangokuthi lapho ukuzala kwayo kuphelile kushibhile ukusula ihlathi elisha kunokubuyisa umhlaba.
Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza ukuthi izinsizakusebenza zezolimo ziwohloke sonke isifunda, kushiye umhlaba ongakhiqizi kanye nokuqhekeka kwezindawo zemvelo. Konke lokhu kufana nokwelulwa kwemithelela ehlukahlukene engemihle yezemvelo ezinhlelweni zezinto eziphilayo eziyikhaya lezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezidinga ukongiwa kwazo. Njengoba umhlaba ungambi eqolo kunenzuzo enkulu ukugawula amahlathi ukwakha umhlaba omusha wezolimo, izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo zilinyazwa, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zazo. Kula mazwe, amahlathi yisayensi okusamele ithuthukiswe.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-60, imali enkulu isatshaliwe emasimini amakhulu angaqhamuki emazweni acebile, kunalokho, amasimu omdabu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, lokhu akuyona inzuzo enkulu abayibeka kula mazwe ngoba yiwona abhekene nobunzima bokukhiqiza. Kusezandleni zamazwe acebile ukuhlinzeka ngenani elengeziwe kule mikhiqizo nasekuthuthweni nasekukhangisweni kwayo.
Emazweni analolu hlobo lwamasimu, kwenziwa amakilasi amabili ahlukene omphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi sinabanikazi bamasimu, abalimi abacebile nabasebenzi abangenawo umhlaba ababasebenzela amaholo. Kulezi zigaba kukhona ezomnotho okuthi kugcwaliswa ngecebo elincane lapho alima khona i-polyculture yokuziphilisa. Lesi sakhiwo ngokuvamile asihambelani nezolimo zendabuko, kepha ezolimo ezihambisanayo lapho kusetshenziswa izinsiza ezimbalwa zobuchwepheshe.
Ngokufingqa, ukulima ukutshala uhlelo oluhle lokuhlinzeka ngokudla okungabizi kweningi labantu. Kodwa-ke, ayihloselwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamazwe lapho itshalwe khona. Inhloso ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamazwe acebile.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezolimo ezitshaliwe.