Gymnosperms

A tsire-tsire motsa jiki sune farkon wadanda suka bayyana. Kodayake babu nau'ikan da yawa kamar na angiosperms, jaruman namu suna cikin rukunin waɗanda suka sami nasarar cinye wuraren da babu wani tsiron fure da yayi nasarar rayuwa. A zahiri, taiga, wacce itace gandun daji masu sanko a cikin Turai, ya mamaye yanki kusan kilomita murabba'in 16.800.099.

A can, lokacin bazara gajere ne sosai kuma damuna suna sanyi kuma suna da tsayi. Kowace shekara yanayin ƙasa yana cike da dusar ƙanƙara, kuma flora tana yin duk mai yiwuwa don ci gaba, har ta kai ga sun daina girma har sai yanayin mai kyau ya dawo. Amma wannan shine abin da ake kira gymnosperms: masu tsira na gaskiya. San tarihinta.

Yaushe tsire-tsaren motsa jiki ke bayyana?

Gymnosperms tsirrai ne na tarihi, wanda sun fara juyin halitta ne kusan shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata, a lokacin Mesozoic Era. Abu mafi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 su kadai ne a Duniya, tunda angiosperms, wato, furannin furanni, sun bayyana kimanin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata. Don haka zamu iya yarda da cewa dinosaur na ciyawa sun iya dandana waccan tsohuwar halittar.

A lokacin lokacin Permian, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata, an sami wasu sauye-sauyen yanayi a doron duniya wanda ya haifar da yanayi ya zama ya bushe kuma ya zama bushe. Tare da wannan, kyalkyali wanda ya fara yayin marigayi Carboniferous ya ƙare, wanda yawancin jinsuna suka ɓace saboda basa iya dacewa da sabon yanayin rayuwa. Amma duk wannan, kodayake yana nufin ƙarshen shuke-shuke da yawa, amma shine farkon yawancin wasannin motsa jiki da muka sani a yau.

Menene aikin motsa jiki?

Babban halayen wannan nau'in shuke-shuke sune tsaba: an bar su ba tare da kariya ba, koyaushe, daga farkon lokacinda kwayar halittar fure take haduwa har sai kwayar ta gama balaga. Bugu da kari, lokacin balaga na iya zama mai tsayi sosai, har zuwa shekaru uku a wasu yanayi.

Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai ɗan bambanci kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da na angiosperms; a gaskiya, akwai kimanin iyalai masu tsirrai 15, wadanda suka hada da kusan 80 jinsi da kuma jimlar nau'ikan 820 (Akwai kusan nau'in 257 dubu na angiosperms). Wato suna 'yan kaɗan, amma gaskiyar ita ce sun sami nasarar mamaye kusan dukkanin yankuna na duniya.

Nau'in wasan motsa jiki

An bambanta nau'ikan guda huɗu waɗanda suka sami damar isa kwanakinmu, kuma sune:

• cycadidae: ko cycads An yi imanin cewa asalinsu ya samo asali ne daga Carboniferous, kuma suna da tsire-tsire iri ɗaya - ba iri ɗaya ba - kamar itacen dabino, tare da akwati wanda ke karkatar da reshe kuma tare da ganye koren fata da na fata. Kamar yadda misalai muke da Cycas ya juya ko al Dioon karatu.
• Ginkgoidae: a halin yanzu akwai kawai Ginkgo biloba, wanda shine bishiyar itaciya wacce take da alaƙa da cycads (ƙarin bayani) asali daga Permian.
• Gnetidae: suna da ɗan motsa jiki na motsa jiki, saboda kamar conifers basa kare theira theiran su, amma suna da tsari kama da furannin angiosperms. Babban wakilinsa shine Welwitschia mirabilis.
• Pinidae: ko kuma kamar yadda aka san su: conifers. Su bishiyoyi ne ko bishiyoyi waɗanda suka samo asali tun daga Carananan Carboniferous, kuma cewa zamu iya samun duka a cikin gandun daji masu zafi da kuma a cikin gandun daji na boreal. A cikin wannan rukuni muna da Pinus, Abin, Cupressus, da Taxus, da sauransu.

Misalan wasan motsa jiki

Kodayake mun riga mun ambata kaɗan, za mu san wasu nau'in da halayensu:

araucaria auracana

La araucaria ko pewén itaciya ce wacce ke da matukar farin ciki ga Pehuén, a cikin Chile. Yana girma har zuwa mita 50 a tsayi, kuma yana haɓaka madaidaiciyar akwati har zuwa mita 3 a diamita. Ya reshe mitoci da yawa daga ƙasa, yana haɓaka rassa tare da ganye mai kama da allura har zuwa tsawon santimita 4. Na tallafawa har zuwa -18ºC.

Cycas ya juya

An san shi da cica ko itacen dabino na ƙarya, yana da ƙarancin shrub ɗan asalin Kudancin Japan. Yana da akwati mai kauri santimita 20 kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 7, an sanya masa rawanin ganye mai tsayi kimanin santimita 150. Yana samar da hotunan mata da na maza a cikin samfuran daban daban, tsohon ya fi girma. Na tallafawa har zuwa -7ºC.

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo, wanda aka fi sani da itacen garkuwar arba'in, itace itaciya ce wacce ta wanzu tsawon shekaru miliyan 250. An yi imani da cewa asalinsa ne ga ƙasar Sin ta yanzu, kuma Tsirrai ne da ya kai mita 35. Gangar jikin ta miƙe, kuma tana haɓaka rawanin pyramidal wanda ya haɗu da koren launuka masu zafin nama, kodayake sun zama rawaya a lokacin kaka kafin faɗuwa. Yana fitar da furanni mata da na maza a cikin samfuran daban-daban, kuma fruita fruitan itacen yayi kama da drupe, kimanin santimita 2-3. Tsayayya har zuwa -18ºC.

Pinus na dabba

El pine dutse itaciya ce wacce ke da ƙwarin ganye har zuwa yankin Bahar Rum. Ya kai tsayi zuwa mita 50 a wasu lokuta, amma abin da yake na al'ada shi ne bai wuce mita 20 ba. Awanta yakan karkata ko karkata kaɗan a tsawon shekaru. Kambin yana da zagaye kuma an yi shi da ganyen acicular har tsawon santimita 20. Yana samar da cones tare da goro mai pine mai ci. Tsayayya har zuwa -12ºC.

Welwitschia mirabilis

La welwitschia tsire-tsire ne na hamada Namib, a Afirka. Abinda yafi komai sani shine saboda Yana da ganye biyu kawai wanda zai iya tsayin kusan mita 1. Idan ya balaga, yakan samar da furannin mata ko na maza a cikin nau’uka daban-daban. Ba ya tallafawa sanyi ko sanyi.

Muna fatan kun so duk abin da muka gaya muku game da wasan motsa jiki.