Amakhowa amakhulu eOregon

Ngaba ukhe weva nge-Oregon honey mushroom? Yifungus enkulu ehlala kumhlaba waseOregon, eUnited States kwaye yeyona nto iphilayo inkulu ehlabathini. Le mushroom yobusi inkulu ibizwa ngokuba i-armillaria ostoyae kwaye uhlala kwiHlathi leSizwe laseMalheur kwaye waziwa njenge-mushroom yobusi.

Nangona izalwe ngesiporho esinye esingenakubonwa ngaphandle kwemakroskopu, yaqala ukukhula de yafikelela kubungakanani obungaqhelekanga: iihektare ezingama-880, oko kukuthi malunga neebhola ekhatywayo ezili-1665. Ngamehlo, ujongeka njenge-mushroom eneminqwazi yegolide emininzi. Iyatyiwa nangona ingatyebanga kakhulu kwi-flavour. Kuqwalaselwa njengeyona mushroom inkulu emhlabeni. Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ibhayoloji kunye nomdla wekhowa enkulu emhlabeni.

Leliphi elona khowa likhulu emhlabeni?

Xa sibhekisa kwelona khowa likhulu emhlabeni sikhomba kumzimba onesiqhamo kwaye into eyahluke mpela lelona khowa likhulu emhlabeni. Kule meko, sibhekisa kwiseti yemizimba yeziqhamo kunye ne-mycelium. Namhlanje, amakhowa amakhulu emhlabeni abekwe e-Oregon kwaye afumaneka kwiHlathi leSizwe laseMalheur, eUnited States.. Igama lezesayensi laziwa njenge Armillaria ostoyae kwaye luhlobo lwesidudu oluye lwafezekisa obu bukhulu bukhulu.

I-mycelium yayo ifikelela kwiihektare ezingama-965 kunye kuqikelelwa ukuba uneminyaka engama-8650 XNUMX ubudala. Ngenxa yolu bungakanani kunye neempawu zayo, ikwaqwalaselwa njengeyona nto iphambili emhlabeni. Yintsholongwane yokungunda ebamba isiseko semithi kwaye inako ukufunxa izakhamzimba ngohlobo lwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziirhizomorphs. I-mycelium yinxalenye engaphantsi komhlaba evumela ukuba ifumane izakhamzimba ngohlobo oluthile lweerhizomes, ingena kwingcambu yomthi kwaye iphazamise iinqanawa zayo zokuqhuba. Ukuba ihlala ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingagubungela iingcambu zomthi, iya kufa. Ngenxa yobukho beli hlobo lokungunda, kukho isixa esikhulu somhlaba apho unokufumana khona iintlobo ezininzi zemithi efileyo.

Kwaye ukuba i-Oregon fungus yenye yeentlobo ze-100.000 zefungus esazi kuphela ukuba inempawu ezithile. Uphando lwaqala kumahlathi ase-Oregon ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-90. Inani elikhulu lososayensi baseMelika babone ubukho be Armillaria ostoyae Kwaye baqala ukuphanda ngale nto. Ukugqitywa kwezi zifundo yayikukuba le fungus yayingunobangela wokonakaliswa kwezi hektare kunye neehektare zemithi efileyo.

Iimpawu zomngundo weOregon

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2400 XNUMX yobomi, le fungus iye yabulala amakhulukhulu emithi kunye nemisonto yayo erhizomorphic. Kwakungenxa yoku yafunyanwa xa usosayensi uCatherine Parks eqala ukuphanda ngokufa kwemithi kweli hlathi. Ngexesha lophando, wafunda iisampulu ze-DNA eziyi-112 kwaye ke wafumanisa ukuba ezingama-61 zazo zazineentsalela zemfuza ezihambelana ne-DNA yefungi.

Kude kube ngo-1992 Armillaria ostoyae ifunyenwe kwilizwe laseWashington yayiyeyona nto iphilayo inkulu emhlabeni kodwa xa i-mushroom ye-Oregon yafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza yafaka uluhlu ngokuphindaphinda ixabiso le-mushroom yaseWashington.

Ngaphandle nje kokufuna ukwazi singathi le yeyona nto iphilayo inkulu ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula kwayo kungaphantsi komhlaba. Kwezi ndawo ziphantsi komhlaba Iyakwazi ukwandisa ukuya kwindawo yeekhilomitha ezili-10 zesikwere. Ngaphandle kobungakanani obukhulu, kuphela yipesenti encinci yokukhula kwale mushroom enokubonakala ngaphezulu komhlaba. Ngokukwanjalo, kuphela leli candelo libonakalayo lingaphezulu komhlaba elinokutyiwa.

Yifungus ye-saprophytic ekwaziyo ukufunxa izondlo emhlabeni kunye nezityalo ezincinci ezinjengamagqabi awileyo okanye iinkuni ezibolileyo. Oososayensi bathi le fungus yinto yokubola esebenzayo yeenkuni. Ukusukela ngeyeKhala ukuya kweyeNkanga, imizimba yeziqhamo yomngundo iyabonakala emhlabeni.

Lide kangakanani ikhowa elikhulu emhlabeni?

Ubuninzi bephepheni yale khowa yi-10 cm. Inobume obungqongqo kunye ne-flared. Ulusu lwabo lunombala omdaka ngombala kwaye ligutyungelwe ngamaxolo amnyama, ashwabeneyo. Oku kulungelelaniswa kubonakala kakhulu embindini womnqwazi. Inamagqabi wesibini kwaye umbala omdaka ngombala. Bangcola ngokulula xa ubachukumisa.

Ngokumalunga nonyawo, ulusinga kwaye unombala omdaka ngokukhanya kunye nezikali ezimnyama. Inyama yalo mzekelo imhlophe kwaye inencasa emnandi ekuqaleni kwaye ikrakra kamva. Nangona lolona hlobo lukhulu emhlabeni, ayisiyiyo ukuba inobungakanani obumangalisayo. Ukuba akunjalo, iyasinda ekusasazeni iingcambu zemithi ngaphezulu kwamahektare amakhulu.

Singabhidanisa Armillaria ostoyae kunye I-Armillaria mellea. Kungenxa yokuba isampulu yahlukile kuba ayinazo izikali ezimnyama, iminqwazi, okanye iinyawo. Ngokubhekisele kwindawo yokuhlala, singazifumana kwiindawo apho kulinywa khona imithi. Zibekwa kwimiboko kunye neziqu zemithi enqabileyo. Ubuninzi obuphezulu kunye nobutyebi beli mushroom lijikelezwe zii-conifers.

Ixesha lokuvuna lale mushroom likwindla. Ukuyipheka, kufuneka siyilahle ipayi kwaye sisuse amanzi okupheka. Inokutyiwa iphekiwe, kodwa ukuba ayilungiswanga kakuhle, kubangela ezinye iimpawu zokunxila. Kulabo basandula ukubeleka kwaye bengazi kakhulu malunga nale mushroom, asikukhuthazi ukuba siqokelele. Isetyenziselwa kuphela ukupheka ngokukuko kwizitya ezisecaleni okanye isityu. Ukuyitya yodwa akukhuthazwa.

Lingakanani ikhowa ubunzima bayo Armillaria ostoyae?

Ubuncinane uneminyaka engama-2500 XNUMX ubudala, inobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-400 (ilingana nobunzima beminenga emithathu eblue) kwaye igubungela ummandla weehektare ezingama-75, okuthetha ukuba inamabala ebhola ekhatywayo ali-140 ngokobukhulu.

Njengoko ubona, indalo inokusothusa ngezinto zayo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-mushroom enkulu emhlabeni kunye neempawu zayo kunye nomnqweno wazo.