El IMonochamus galloprovinces sisinambuzane esincinci, ngokukodwa ibhungane, esebenza njenge vector ukuthwala umbungu omncinci ukusuka kwipine enye ukuya kwenye ekwaziyo ukubulala amakhulu eeconiferi kunye nezinye iintlobo zemithi ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.
Luhlobo oluvela eMntla Melika, njengemicroscopic njengoko luyabulala. Lo bhungane ubizwe kanjalo ipineicorn endelilungu losapho lwee-cermbicides, i-radius yesenzo sayo engagqithi ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezi-3 kubomi bayo bonke.
Iimpawu ze IMonochamus galloprovinces
Ngexesha lokukhula kwakhe, ezi zinambuzane zifikelela kwiikomityi ezizaliswe ziimpethu ezincinci kwiimpondo zazo, ethi yona iphume kumthi osele wosulelekile.
Xa ulapho, nematode okanye umbungu ungena ngaphakathi kumthi usebenzisa i-hyphae yefungi, ehlala ikuyo kwaye, ukungena kumanxeba anayo le mithi, oko kukuthi, nakuphi na ukuqhekeka okukhoyo kumphezulu wamaxolo kulungile ukungena ukosulela isityalo.
Kwangelo xesha, oku kukungena kwayo, Inika uthotho lwegalari kwindawo engaphakathi yesiqu sepine, eyenza ukuba ilahlekelwe yinxalenye elungileyo yomtsalane kunye nexabiso lokuthengisa nokuba ifumana unyango ngeemveliso zamachiza.
Isichaphazela njani isityalo?
Xa ii-nematodes ezincinci zingena kumthi wepayini, hlasela ngokupheleleyo imijelo yentlaka kwaye apho bondla i-parenchyma ekhoyo kwezi mijelo, nakwiiseli ze-epithelial. Xa kuchaphazeleka imijelo yentlaka, akusekho mveliso yentlaka, ethintela ukubila kweenaliti.
Kuza kungekudala Ipine iqala ukubonisa imiqondiso engathandabuzekiyo yosulelo, kujongeka kubunile kwaye umbala omthubi kwi-atria. Kuyenzeka ukuba siqwalasele iinaliti ezimdaka kunye nezimthubi kumasebe, nangona kunjalo, kwinyanga ezi-3 ubuninzi umthi uya kuba sele uswelekile.
Lo mzimba mncinci unamandla aphezulu okulungelelanisa umbulelo kwiiplastikhi zayo ezintle. Ukufezekisa ukulungelelaniswa okuhle, Imozulu epholileyo yanele ebekwe ngaphezulu kweedigri ezingama-20 ngexesha lasehlotyeni, kuba lula ukusasaza kubude obungaphantsi kweemitha ezili-1.000
Ngenxa yezi zizathu yile kule mihla kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuqaphela ubukho babo kwingingqi esemazantsi ePontevedra kunye nase-Extremadura, apho ukufa kwemithi phakathi kukaJulayi no-Agasti xa amaqondo obushushu ejikeleza phakathi kwe-20 ukuya kuma-25 degrees, kubonakala.
Ukongeza, kukho ezinye izinto ezithandayo le nematode ukuzinzisa kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwimipayini, ezi kukungabikho kwemvula, nto leyo edala uxinzelelo kwimithi yehlobo ngexesha lasehlotyeni.
Kufuneka wenze ntoni ukuba usulelo lubhaqwa emithini?
Ukuba ipine ifunyenwe inesifo, abasemagunyeni mabaziswe ngoko nangoko abanobuchule kwimicimbi yezamahlathi ukuze baqalise ngezenzo ezihambelana neli tyala.
Yintoni eyenziwayo kwezi meko ukumisela oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumda we-A, Amanqanaba ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 yeekhilomitha ngaphakathi kwerediyo apho kugxilwe khona. Apho, amanyathelo okupheliswa afumanekayo kufuneka asetyenziswe, phakathi kwawo kukuwa kwemithi yepayini njengoyena mkhulu kwaye kwangaxeshanye kusebenza.
Oku kugawulwa kwenziwa kwirediyasi ebandakanya ikhilomitha yokuqala yomthombo wosulelo, ethintela uqongqothwane ekuqhubeleni phambili. Kukho neendawo apho kugawulwa khona ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,5 yeekhilomitha, nokuba oku kuchaphazela imveliso ephezulu yeehektare.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngexesha lasebusika, le nematode ithanda ukuwela kuhlobo lokungakhathali, kodwa nje ukuba amaqondo obushushu aqale ukuba phezulu, xa efikelela kwezona meko zilungileyo ngokuqinisekileyo aya kwanda. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaxeshanye, kuthathwa amanye amanyathelo asebenza ekupheliseni imithombo yokutya enokubakho kwilayini. IMonochamus galloprovinces, iqulethe ukususwa kwemithi efileyo okanye inkqubo kwi-radius yeekhilomitha ezingama-20.
Yonke le mithi igawuliweyo kwezi khilomitha zingama-20 kuthathwa ngokuba zibekelwe bodwa, zilinganiselwe ukuthengiswa ngaphandle kokuba zifumana unyango oludlulayo. ukuyibeka kumaqondo aphezulu obushushu ngaphakathi kwamagumbi, ekhokelela ekufeni kwesidleleli ukuba basekhona ngaphakathi bathi iinkuni.
Kwaqala nini ukusasazeka kwesi sibetho?
Iqale ngo-1999 ePortugal, apho kukho iindawo ezinkulu zemithi ezichaphazeleke kakhulu, zona ke ngo-2018, sele igubungele umhlaba ongaphezulu kwesiqingatha. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, eSpain ngalo nyaka mnye bekukho imithombo ethile engama-6 kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo elise-Extremadura, Castilla y León naseGalicia.
Ngokubhekisele kwiindawo ezinokubanokwasuleleka eSpain, ezi zichongwe kakuhle ngokwemodeli yokusasaza enokuqinisekiswa kwe-UPM kunye neZiko loPhando eliDibeneyo leKhomishini yaseYurophu.
Le modeli iluncedo kakhulu kuba ivumela ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi iindawo apho izinambuzane ezinokubakho zinokungena eSpain, ngokusekwe kwiindawo ezaziwayo ezosulelekileyo ePortugal engabamelwane nalapho kungakhange kuthathwe manyathelo olawulo.
Ngelishwa, le nematode yaziwa ngokwenzululwazi, ingcali yokwenza umonakalo kumthi wepayini, idibene nezinye iintlobo zezinto, ezithi Isebenza njengeyona vector ifanelekileyo ukuze ikwazi ukuya kwimithi eyahlukeneyo apho imiselwe khona ineziphumo ezibulalayo kuyo, kuba iphela isifa ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.
Le vector ayikho ngaphantsi kwebhungane eqhelekileyo kwizilwanyana zaseSpain, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-longicorn yompayini ngenxa yeempondo zayo ezinde. Esi sinambuzane siqhelekileyo kwilizwe, ifumana umthombo wayo wokutya kumasebe athambileyo ompayini kwaye amaxesha ngamaxesha kumnqweno wayo wokutya, ithwala i-parasite microscopic ukusuka emthini ukuya emthini.
Kodwa ayisiyiyo yonke into eyenzayo ukulungiselela ukusasazeka kwe-nematode, ukusukela Zombini ezi zinto zinomjikelo wobomi bazo obabotshelelwe kolunyeOko kukuthi, ngelixa ibhungane libonelela ngemithi emitsha kwisidleleli esingenakufikeleleka, liyawunika umsebenzi walo ngemizekelo ebuthathaka apho lingabeka khona, elingenakho ukwenzeka kwimpilo entle kuba uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokuphinda lwenziwe ngentlaka ungayivumeli.
I-nematode kanye ngaphakathi komthi yila umdla wokutya kwaye ivelisa ngesantya esothusayo, esithi ngokulinganayo senze umonakalo ongenakulungiswa ngokuthintela ukuhamba kwamanzi emthini, kuphele ubomi bawo ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.