El Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Yenye yezinto eziphilayo ezonakalisa kakhulu zonke iintlobo zokukhuphela iipayini kunye neeconifers, kwaye yenye yeenkxalabo ezithathelwa ingqalelo yimibutho yezendalo kunye namabhunga esixeko kulo lonke elaseSpain.
Oku kunxulumene Impembelelo yayo inkulu kakhulu, ibangela ukonakala ngokukhawuleza kolu hlobo lwezityalo, Ayibangeli kuphela umonakalo wendalo, kodwa nomonakalo wezoqoqosho kuyo yonke imimandla yelizwe.
Yintoni i Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
El Bursaphelenchus xylophilus sisifo somthi esihlala sivela kwiintlobo zePines kunye kwezinye iintlobo zemithi enomsilaUkuba nefuthe elikhawulezayo kunye nefuthe emithini, kubangele ukuba babole ngokukhawuleza kwaye kubenzima kakhulu ukuba babuye kwakhona, ukubashiya bebunile ngokupheleleyo kwaye belahlekelwe zizipropathi zabo.
Zininzi iintlobo zemithi esihlala sinolu hlobo lwesifo. Kuphela eSpain, ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo ekufumaneni esi sifo zezi Iphayini yaseScots, i ipayini emnyama kunye ipayina encinci. Kukho abanye abachaphazelekayo, kodwa kwinqanaba elisezantsi kancinci kunelo sele kukhankanyiwe, ubuntununtunu babo abunkulu kangako ukuba bube yingozi kubo ukuya kuthi ga kumgangatho omkhulu.
Phakathi kweengozi ezinkulu ezinokuziswa sesi sifo, kukuwohloka ngesiquphe kwemithi, kwaye ke yintlekele yendalo ezisa Utshintsho olukhulu kwimixokomelwano yehlathi kwaye zihlala phi ezi ntlobo zemithi.
Kwangelo xesha, ishishini leenkuni linokubandezeleka kakhulu kwiindawo apho esi sinambuzane sihamba phambili, into ebangela ukuba amanyathelo okuvalelwa yedwa athathwe kwi-European Union, kuthintelo kunye nonyango lweempawu kunye neziphumo zesifo.
Umvelaphi
Ukuhanjiswa kwesi sinambuzane sichaphazela iintlobo ezininzi zemithi kwihlabathi liphela inemvelaphi yayo kumazwe aku North America, apho enyanisweni ayivelisi monakalo mkhulu, kuba iintlobo zemithi yeepayini kunye neeconifers ezifumaneka apho zibonisa inqanaba elikhulu lokumelana kunezo zikhula eYurophu.
Lo mzimba wawela iilwandle ngokuthengisa iinkuni Oko kwachaphazeleka, kufikelela kwimeko yokuqala kwamanye amazwe kwilizwekazi laseAsia, apho yayiza kuthi ifumane kwaye ifake kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezazingenabungqongqo bufana nqwa nezaseMelika kwaye ziya kuqala ukuchaphazela imithi ethe ethe ngakumbi.
Oku kwanda kuyo yonke loo ndawo kwenzeka ngexesha lokuqala kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX., apho ubukho bayo busaziwa nangoku kwaye kukholelwa ukuba iimpawu zesi sibetho zibangelwe lolunye uhlobo lwezinambuzane, ezivela kusapho lweebherer.
Kodwa ukwehla ngesiquphe kwemithi yaseAsia, ngakumbi amaTshayina, amaKorea kunye neTaiwan ngenxa yoko ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-pinewood nematode.
Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba inkulungwane yama-XNUMX ifike, amatyala okuqala Bursaphelenchus xylophilus emithini kwi-European Union, ngakumbi ePortugal, into eyasusa i-alamu yokulumkisa kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu, ngenxa yokwanda kwawo embindini nasemantla omhlaba wasePortugal.
Zithini iimpawu?
Ukuqonda ukuba zithini iimpawu zesi sibetho, kufuneka siqale siqonde ukuba esi sifo semipayini Isasazwa ngesinambuzane ekuthiwa sibizwa njalo IMonochamus.
Ukuhlaselwa kwemithi eyahlukeneyo ekwimo esempilweni kwenzeka ngamanyathelo amabini ahlukeneyo: Xa esi sinambuzane sizondla kule mithi yeepine kunye neeconiferske xa zizalela amaqanda emithini esele ikwinkqubo yokubola.
Iimpawu azizukufunyanwa ekuqaleni, kwaye apho ezi zinambuzane ziyithatha kwaye ziyazise kwimipayini. Ngokuchaseneyo, Kungathatha iinyanga ezimbalwa de ube uqala ukubona ukonakala kwezi.
Oku kudodobala okubangelwe yi- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus iya kubonakala kuqala kwindawo ephezulu yomthi, ukubona amanye amasebe ngokukuko kunye nembonakalo ewohlokileyo ngeethowuni etyheli okanye emdaka kwiindawo apho kuluhlaza ngokubanzi kuninzi.
Oku okokuqala siza kubona kwinxalenye ephezulu, Ndiza kuqala ukuthatha ipayini yonke, ikwafikelela kwinxalenye esezantsi kwaye ke ngaloo ndlela ivelisa ukusasazeka kunye nokonakala ngokubanzi. Kunokwenzeka ukuba kunyaka emva kokungeniswa kwesi sifo lo mzekelo uza kufa.
IMonochamus galloprovinces
Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinambuzane IMonochamus, ebizwa njalo amaphondo ngoyena ubukho buqhelekileyo ngaphakathi eYurophu. Le vector inokufumaneka kuzo zonke iintlobo zamahlathi nemibungu yayo, izikhongozeli ze Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Baneenkqubo ezinde zokufihlwa emithini yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithi.
Le mibungu, xa kufika intwasahlobo, iya kube iphuhlisiwe kwaye iya kuba sisinambuzane esiqulathe esi sifo, mzuzu apho baya kutya khona baya kubhabha baye ezihlahleni kwaye yiyo loo nto le ndawo ingoyena uchaphazeleka kakhulu kumgaqo. Oku kunxulumene nento yokuba ezi zinambuzane zitya ingca entsha efumaneka kule ndawo ingaphezulu yeeconifers.
Ubushushu buya kuba nefuthe ngqo kubuninzi bokukhula Olu hlobo lwesinambuzane, kuba ziimo zezulu apho amaqondo obushushu kunye nokufuma okuphezulu, eyona inomdla kakhulu kwezi ukuba zivelise kwaye zithwale isifo. Kodwa ukwanda kwazo kwihlabathi liphela akuzi kunyuka kwezinambuzane kunye nokusasazeka kwazo kwendalo, kodwa kwenzeka ngokuthengisa ngomthi.
Amanyathelo ezempilo eYurophu
Ukufika kwale ipine iinkuni nematode Intsimi yasePortugal ekuqaleni kwale millennium ikhokelele ekwaziseni nakwimilinganiselo ethathelwa ingqalelo kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala ka-2000, ukuze bonke abantu abafumanisa esi sibetho, bathabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye nezenzo zokuphelisa nya.
Ngoko ke, ulawulo olupheleleyo kufuneka lwenziwe kubemi bepine kunye nee-conifers ezizezona ntlobo zibuthathaka kwaye zilawula isinambuzane esivelisa isitshabalalisi, kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo apho zinokwenzeka khona, nkqu nakwiindawo ezingakhange zisikelwe mda njengoko kuchaziwe kwindawo yokuqala.