I-biosphere ixhomekeke kwimijikelezo emininzi ye-biogeochemical ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kobomi. Kwelinye icala, sinayo umjikelo wekhabhoni eqinisekisa ukuhamba rhoqo kwezondlo kwizinto eziphilayo. Kwelinye icala, sinayo Umjikelo wenitrogen. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zixhomekeke kulo mjikelo we-biogeochemical ukukhula nokukhula.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka komjikelo we-nitrogen.
Uthini umjikelo wenitrogen
Yiyo iseti yeekhemikhali kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji ezivumela ukubonelela ngezinto eziphilayo nge-nitrogen kuphuhliso lwabo. Kukho amadama ahlukeneyo, amanqanaba kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu kubomi babantu kulo mhlaba. Njengomjikelo wekhabhoni, kukho imithombo yokukhupha le nto kunye nemithombo yokufunxa. Ibhalansi ye-nitrogen yomhlaba kufuneka izinzile ukuze izinto zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Kuba abantu babangela iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo kwindalo esingqongileyo, lo mjikelo we-nitrogen uchaphazeleka ngokumandla.
Phakathi kweempawu esizifumanayo kulo mjikelo we-biogeochemical sibona imvelaphi yawo. Ivela ekudalweni kwe-atomic nuclei entsha, imichiza engeyiyo yesinyithi kwimeko yegesi. Lo mjikelo uzibonakalisa kwiindidi zeekhemikhali eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Ukusebenza kwezi zinto kuqala ekulahlekelweni kwee-elektroni yenza ukuba kwenzeke ukwenza iiamino acid, iDNA kunye neeproteni. Ngombulelo kolu lwakhiwo, umjikelo we-nitrogen udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo nakwizihlunu zezinto eziphilayo.
Kuba lo mjikelo we-biogeochemical ubalulekile kuphuhliso lobomi, kufuneka sifunde ukubugcina.
Amachibi eNitrogen kwizinga lehlabathi
Siza kuhlalutya ukuba yeyiphi indawo yokugcina initrogen emhlabeni jikelele. Inxalenye yokuqala yalo mthombo yomoya. Ubukho benitrogen emoyeni ngama-78% kwaye sisininzi salo lonke olu lwaleko lomoya. Nangona i-nitrogen ingenile kwaye ingenzi naluphi na uhlobo lokuphendula kunye nezinye iigesi, iyayiphumeza indima yayo kuyo yonke le nto.
Elinye icandelo lediki le-nitrogen lifumaneka kumatye entlenga. Kukho umyinge wama-21% wenitrogen oxutywe nezinto eziphilayo kwaye usasazwe kwiilwandlekazi zonke. Masingakulibali ukuba kubomi baselwandle i-nitrogen nayo iyafuneka ukuze ikhule kakuhle. Zininzi izinto eziphilayo ezifuna i-nitrogen kwimihla yabo yemihla ngemihla ukuze bakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yabo.
Inxalenye yokugqibela yenqwanqwa le-nitrogen zii-microorganisms. Amagciwane athatha inxaxheba kumjikelo wenitrogen zilungiso, ii-nitrifiers kunye ne-denitrifiers. Izilungisi zezo zilungisa i-nitrogen emzimbeni wakho komnye umzimba. I-nitrifiers zezo zondla i-nitrogen njengenxalenye yayo yonke into ephilayo. Iidenitrifiers zezo zisusa initrogen ngenxa yempendulo yamachiza.
Izigaba zomjikelo wenitrogen
I-nitrojeni iya kutshintsha kuwo onke amalungu ayo omjikelo. Kuwo wonke umjikelo we-nitrogen sifumana izigaba ezahlukeneyo apho le gesi ithatha ukungqinelana okuthile okanye okunye. Siza kuhlalutya ukuba zeziphi izigaba eziphambili zomjikelo wenitrogen:
- Ulungiso: Kweli nqanaba, i-nitrogen esemoyeni ifunyanwa ngabo bonke abantu abaphilayo abangayisebenzisa ngendlela ye-abiotic. Indlela ye-abiotic yenye engenabo ubomi, njengamandla ombane aqulethwe ngumbane kunye nemitha yelanga. Kwelinye icala sinendlela ye biotic, eyinxalenye apho initrogen ifunyanwa kwiintsholongwane ezikhoyo emhlabeni.
- Ukwaziswa: ngeli xesha lesigaba iitrate ziyabonakala. Apha izityalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. AmaNitrate ancitshisiwe aba yi-nitrite kwisytoplasm yeeseli zezityalo. Oku kudityaniswa neengcambu zezityalo. Ezi zinto ziphilayo zisebenzisa i-nitrogen njengokutya ukuze zikhule kwaye zivelise.
- Ukunyanzelwa: Yinqanaba lomjikelo we-nitrogen apho i-nitrogen iguqulwa yaba yi-ammonium ion ngenxa yesenzo se-microorganisms ze-aerobic.
- Isibhengezo: yinxalenye yenkqubo equka ioksijini yebhayoloji yeammonia ngamagciwane. I-nitrification ivumela i-ammonia nitrogen ukuba ibuyele emhlabeni ukuze isetyenziswe zizityalo kwi-nitric.
- Ukuhamba: yinkqubo eyahlukileyo kwi-nitrification.
- Isiseko: yinkqubo echaseneyo yokulungiswa. Kule meko, ukuphefumla kwe-anaerobic (xa ingekho ioksijini) yeyona nto ibuyisela initrogen emoyeni kunye ne-nitrate enyibilikiswe emanzini. I-Denitrification sisigaba sokugqibela somjikelo we-nitrogen apho yonke into ibuyela kwimvelaphi yayo.
Ukubaluleka
Okokugqibela, siza kuhlalutya ukubaluleka komjikelo we-nitrogen kuphuhliso lobomi njengoko sisazi. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, umjikelo we-nitrogen ubaluleke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo kwaye uya kuhlala usetyenziswa zizo ngokwendalo. Kuyimfuneko ekwenzeni i-DNA, iiamino acid, iiproteni kunye neecicic acid. Ikwayinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kunye nemveliso yezolimo. Masingakulibali ukuba uninzi lwezichumisi ezisetyenziselwa ezolimo ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezityalo zenziwe nge nitrogen.
Lo mjikelo ubandakanya konke ukuhamba kwe-nitrogen evela emoyeni, apho le nto ininzi kakhulu, kunye ne-biosphere, apho kuhlala khona zonke izinto eziphilayo. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba imisebenzi ephambili yabantu ichaphazela umjikelo wenitrogen. Ngenxa yemisebenzi ethoba isidima eyenzekayo namhlanje, eminye imisebenzi efana nale ilandelayo yenzakele: ukulima ngamandla, ukusebenzisa kakhulu izichumisi ze nitrogen emhlabeni, ukugawulwa kwemithi, ukuchitheka okanye ukhilimu wamafutha ane-nitrogen, izityalo zamandla obushushu kunye neminye imisebenzi.
Yonke le misebenzi yabantu ivelisa iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo kumjikelo we-nitrogen kunye neengxaki ezivelayo ezifana nongcoliseko, imvula eneasidi kunye nokwanda kwempembelelo yendlu eluhlaza.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nomjikelo we-nitrogen kunye nokubaluleka kwawo.