Kukho intsholongwane ebulalayo echaphazela ikakhulu imithi yeziqhamo ipome, ngakumbi ipere kunye nemithi yeapile, kunye neminye imifuno yokuhombisa kunye neyasendle eyintsapho yaseRosaceae. Ezi ntlobo zezityalo zisemngciphekweni wesifo esibangelwa yile ntsholongwane, ebizwa ngokuba ngumlilo.
Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngale phytopathology eyingozi kwizityalo ezininzi. Siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni i-pear blight, yintoni iibacteria ezibangela oko, zeziphi izityalo ezichaphazelekayo, ziphi iimpawu zayo kwaye ungazinyanga njani. Ke ukuba ucinga ukuba izityalo zakho zinokuchaphazeleka okanye ufuna nje ukwazi ngakumbi ngesihloko, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda.
Yintoni ipeyinti yomlilo?
Umlilo ohlaseleyo womthi wepere sisifo esibi esichaphazela kungekuphela nje umthi wepere, kodwa nezinye izityalo zeziqhamo. Le phytopathology ibonakaliswa ngokuba nzima ukulawula kwaye iyosulela kakhulu. Ngesi sizathu sithathwa njengesifo esinokuba yingozi kakhulu. Ukongeza, umlilo ophelileyo unokubangela ukufa kwezo zityalo iintlobo zazo ezibuthathaka, ngakumbi umthi wepere. Ngenxa yobuzaza beli zifo, ikwabangela ilahleko ebonakalayo kuqoqosho ngenxa yomonakalo ngqo ebangela izityalo.
Ngokuphathelele Ukusasazeka komlilo kumthi wepere, oku kuthandwa zizinto ezine:
- Izinambuzane
- Iintaka
- Imvula
- Umoya
Zeziphi iibacteria ezibangela umlilo?
Iibhaktheriya ezijongene nomlilo kwiiperethi zibizwa Erwinia amylovora. Umsebenzi wayo unyuke ngakumbi ngexesha lamaxesha ashushu enyakeni: Intwasahlobo nehlobo. Kungenxa yokuba ngeli xesha, iimpawu zemozulu ezithi zenzeke zilungele ukusasazeka kwazo. Oku kwenziwa kukufuma okungaphezulu kwama-70% kunye namaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-18ºC kunye nama-30ºC. Ngokweengcali, Erwinia amylovora Ifuna ukufuma okuphezulu ngokufanelekileyo kunye neqondo lobushushu elimalunga nama-23ºC kuphuhliso lwayo.
Kwelinye icala, ebudeni beenyanga ezibandayo ezingqamene nokwindla nasebusika, le ntsholongwane ibangela isikhuni somlilo iyeke ukusebenza kwayo. Xa kubanda kakhulu, i Erwinia amylovora yamkela imeko efihlakeleyo. Ngalo lonke ixesha lokubanda lonyaka, le ntsholongwane ihlala ikho emaphethelweni eenkonkxa ezakha xa ixesha lesityalo liphela.
Izityalo ezichaphazelekayo
Nangona umlilo ophelileyo uhlala uchaphazela imithi yepere, ngakumbi, zikhona nezinye izityalo ezinokubakho kwesi sifo. Le yimifuno enokuthi ihlupheke kwesi sifo:
- Izityalo zokuhombisa kunye nezasendle ezipinki: ICotoneaster, ICrataegus, IPyracantha y I-Sorbus, phakathi kwabanye.
- Imithi yeziqhamo zePome: Iapile, ikhrince, imedlar nepere.
Iimpawu kunye nomonakalo
Xa isivuno sichaphazeleka ngumlilo womthi, kuthotho lweempawu eziza kubonisa isifo. Xa isityalo sichaphazelekayo yintsholongwane Erwinia amylovora, sinokubona le miqondiso ilandelayo:
- Iintyatyambo: Bayabuna, bafe, benze mnyama kunye / okanye babe manzi ngakumbi kunesiqhelo. Ngamanye amaxesha i-exudate emhlophe emthubi inokwenzeka kwisiseko se-calyx okanye kwi-peduncle.
- AmaSpredishithi: Banengxaki ye-necrosis ekhawulezileyo eqala kwimithambo-luvo ephambili okanye emdeni. Ngaphandle kokuncamathela kwisebe, inkangeleko abayifumanayo yahlukile, njengoko kubonakala ngathi batshisiwe. Uhlobo olufanayo lwe-exudate lunokuvela njengeentyatyambo.
- Iziqhamo: Zingaba mnyama okanye zishwabane. Ukongeza, ukukhula kwabo kunokuchaphazeleka nangona beqhotyoshelwe kwisebe.
- Isiqu namasebe: Iikhonksi ezifumileyo zenziwe ngemigca ebomvu ngaphakathi.
Isishwankathelo, sinokuthi uphawu lokuqala ukuvela xa isityalo sichaphazeleka ngumlilo womthi weperari kukuba intyatyambo ekuthiwa intsha okanye iziqhamo ezine-necrosis ziyavela. Njengoko isifo siqhubeka, le necrosis ibonakala kwisityalo sonke.
Ngokumalunga nesantya kunye nokubonakaliswa kweempawu zesi sifo, baya kuxhomekeka ikakhulu kwizinto ezintathu:
- La ulwamkelo nobuntununtunu yesityalo ngasinye.
- La ubungakanani bentsholongwane Erwinia amylovora ekhoyo kwimifuno.
- Un Imozulu entle.
Unyango
Nje ukuba sibubone ubukho be Erwinia amylovora kwizityalo zethu, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka sizenzile ukuzama ukuphelisa esi sifo. Ngelishwa, akukho unyango lwe-pear blightl. Olona khetho lushiyekileyo kuthi kukuthobela amanyathelo othintelo. Ezi zinto zenzelwe ukuthintela ukuba esi sifo singangeni okanye, ukuba kukho imfuneko, sikhawuleze siphelise i-foci yokuqala ukuze singakhuli ngakumbi okanye sichaphazele imifuno kunye nezityalo.
Siza kuphawula apha ngezantsi ezizezona zitshixo zokwenza i- Isicwangciso esifanelekileyo sothintelo ukulwa nomlilo weeparethi:
- Akufuneki sazise izityalo ezitsha ngaphandle kwemvume, Nokuba zeziphi na iintlobo zezityalo okanye izinto ezityalwayo, ukuba zivela kumazwe okanye kwiindawo ezichaphazeleke yintsholongwane, i Erwinia amylovora.
- Kufuneka wenze Ukuhlolwa kwezityalo ngendlela ukujonga nayiphi na imiqondiso okanye iimpawu ezibangelwa kukutsha komlilo. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ingakumbi emva kweentyatyambo, isaqhwithi okanye isichotho. Le yokugqibela inokubangela amanxeba kwimifuno ekhetha ukungeniswa kwebhaktiriya.
- Xa uthena izityalo, kufuneka ulumke kakhulu. Oku kubandakanya yiya kwintsholongwane izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, kuba ezi zingumthombo onamandla wosulelo lwesi sifo.
- Xa sifumana isityalo esichaphazelekayo ngumlilo, kukulungele yikrazule kwaye uyitshabalalise kwangoko.
- Ukuchumisa kufuneka kulawulwe ukuze thintela amandla agqithisileyo emifuno. Le yinto ethanda ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwesi sifo.
Njengoko sibona, izityalo zikwanazo izifo kunye nezinambuzane eziyingozi kubo. Kuba ababonakalisi zintlungu njengathi okanye njengezilwanyana, kufuneka siqwalasele rhoqo ukuvela kweempawu ezibonakalayo kunye nokuthintela nasiphi na isifo esinokubachaphazela, esifana nepear blight. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngokukodwa kumafama nakwiigadi ezincinci.