Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zezinambuzane ezahlukileyo ezinokufumaneka kwizityalo ezinemifuno ebandayo, ezibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, ezinje ngeetapile, iitumato kunye neerubergines, kunye nekhaphetshu, icauliflower kunye netheniphu phakathi kwezinye ezininzi, ibhungane lezambane.
Ibhungane leetapile linamandla amakhulu kwaye lelinye lawona mabhungane anoburhalarhume kumagqabi ezityalo zeetapile. Unobangela kukuphuhliswa kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nohlaselo, olunokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo luphelise ukuvunwa kwale mizila.
Yintoni ibhungane leetapile?
Kubizwa ngokuba ibhungane lezambane kwaye yaziwa ngokwesayensi njenge ILeptinotarsa decemlineata, kwisinambuzane esineempawu ezifana nesitshabalalisi kumasimi eetapile ahlukeneyo, sihlasela kwaye kwezinye iimeko siphelisa nobomi besityalo.
Yibhungane eyinxalenye yosapho lwechrysomelid kwaye oko kungabonwa nakweyiphi na indawo yomhlaba apho kulinywa khona izityalo zeetapile, ukongeza nje ekusebenzeni njengesitshabalalisi, inokusasazeka ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Into ethandabuzekayo kule ndawo yokuba nonoqongqothwane ayinanto yakwenza nendawo eqale kuyo iitapile, ubuyele e-Upper Peru, eMzantsi Melika, kodwa ezi ziye zaqhelaniswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye ngendlela ekhethekileyo kwesi sityalo sinesondlo, yayiyeyona ithathe indawo yesityalo esinesondlo kwezi zinambuzane, eyayiyindawo engaphezulu. Yiyo le nto ibangele ukusasazeka kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiplanethi apho kukho izilimo ze-tuber.
Izixhobo
Uphawu lokuqala ekwaziwa ngalo ukuba izityalo zethu zeetapile zinaba qongqothwane, yileya Siza kubona inambuzane enomzimba ogqunywe ngokupheleleyo yimivumbo.
Ezi zinokuba nemivumbo etyheli namnyama emalunga ne-10 kwinxalenye ephezulu, ngelixa ekupheleni kweqokobhe labo siza kubona iintloko zazo zivela, ukusuka kumbala obomvu kancinci ukuya kumthunzi okhanyayo kunye namabala amnyama anombala ongasentla. Ngokumalunga nemilinganiselo yayo, inokuba nobude obungayi kudlula kwiimitha ezili-10.
Le bhungane esebenzisa izityalo ezi-tuber yaqala yachazwa ngumphandi wase North America, i-naturalist, kunye ne-entomologist egama lingu UThomas Say, Ngokwenza kwakhe imifanekiso eyenziwe kwiiRocky Mountains ezidumileyo, ezisuka eAlaska ziye emantla eUnited States.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona
Olona phawu luphambili kolu qongqothwane kwaye eyona nto ithathwa njengeyona inomdla kwabo balimi beetapile kwihlabathi liphela, isantya kunye namandla amakhulu okuba bavelise kwakhona.
Ukubekwa kweqanda kwezi zinambuzane kwenzeka emazantsi amagqabi kwaye ngalinye kula mabhungane linokulala, Amaqanda ama-5 ukuya kuma-20 kwiqabunga ngalinye, malunga namaqanda angama-2000 kumagqabi ahlukeneyo yesityalo esinye okanye nangaphezulu.
La maqanda, ngokwembono yomntu, anokubonwa ngokukhawuleza emazantsi amagqabi kwaye oku kunento yokwenza nento yokuba umahluko phakathi kohlaza kunye nombala otyheli okanye iorenji ethile.
Kwimeko apho sibona ithoni ebomvu ngakumbi kufutshane nala mabala eorenji, siza kujongana nemibungu yesi sinambuzane. Ezi zezizakuvelisa umonakalo othile kwizityalo, nanjengoko iyakuba ngabo abathi, xa amaqanda sele eqanduselwe, baqale ukutya kumagqabi esityalo ukukhula kwabo.
Ungabuchola njani ubukho beetleet beetle?
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, omabini amaqanda nemibungu yawo kwinqanaba lokukhula, nasemva kokuqandusela, ziya kubekwa emazantsi amagqabi, ke ukwenza uhlolo lwamathuba kweli cala lala magqabi kuya kuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufumanisa ukuba isityalo sethu siyatyiwa ngonoqongqothwane.
Enye into eya kuthi ichonge ukuba ezi zisebenza ngokuchasene nezityalo zethu, iya kuba yile Siza kubona amagqabi e-nibbled, Ukuvelisa i-curl, eyenye yeempawu eziqhelekileyo kumagqabi azo zonke iintlobo zezityalo xa zisengozini yesibetho.
Njengokuba besesitshilo, le bhungane ayibonwa kuphela kwisityalo seetapile, kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye iintlobo zezityalo eziluhlobo lwe-solanaceous, ezifana netumato kunye isityalo seqanda, kubangela kuzo zonke ezi monakalo ukuba ngokomgaqo zinokubakho nje ngokwasemzimbeni.
Ibhungane leetapile linokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kuzo zonke izityalo zale mithambo kunye nezinye i-nightshades. Njengoko sonke sisazi, iitapile zisasazwe kwihlabathi liphela, ukuba namasimi kwilizwe ngalinye emhlabeni, ke oku kubangele ukuba la mabhungane asasazwe kumazwekazi amahlanu.
IYurophu ifumene isibetho samandla esi bhungane ngenxa yoko umonakalo omkhulu sele ubangelwe sesi sinambuzane kwiindawo zaseUnited States, bekuya kuba njalo nge-30 kunye nakwi-40s xa amanyathelo okhuseleko eqale ukuthathwa, kodwa ke yayiziimfazwe zehlabathi ezakhokelela kukungakhathalelwa okufanelekileyo kwezi zibetho.
Ibhungane leetapile lingasitshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo eso sityalo. Ukonakala kwamagqabi kubonakala kakhulu, kuba ayisebenzisi nje esi sinambuzane kuphela kodwa kwanezibungu zayo. Uyakumangaliswa kukwazi ukuba izibungu ezingama-200 zezi coleopterans zingatya kwikhilo yamagqabi kwaye ukuba ibhinqa elinye kwisityalo linokuchaphazela isiqingatha seehektare zokutyala unyaka wonke.
Kungenxa yokuba ezi bhungane zihlala zondla kwi-foliar epidermis, kushiya kuphela iipetioles kunye nendawo embindini wayo, ekugqibeleni kubangele ukuba isityalo some.
Enye ingxaki kubalimi beetyhubhu abajongene nayo kukuba alukho uhlobo lwerhamncwa lwesi silwanyana. Oku kunxulumene nokuba yinto engaqhelekanga kwiindawo ezininzi zeplanethi, into ebangele ukuba ingabi neentshaba zendalo, kwaye ayizange ibe neentshaba kwiindawo ezivela kuzo.
Unyango
Zithathe ngesandla
Enye yezinto zokuqala onokuzenza, njengeyona isebenzayo, kukuya kucaphukisa kwaye uncothule ooqongqothwane abahamba kancinci kwizityalo zakho. Oku kulula kakhulu ukukufeza ngemini eshushu nenelanga, xa izinambuzane zingazifihli.
Emva koko zishiye kwisitya esinesepha namanzi, eziza kuphelisa le nambuzane ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokulula. Nangona kunokuba kungcono ukubulala abantu abadala, qiniseka ukuba ufumana izibungu ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, njengoko zisenza owona monakalo mkhulu.
Izikhuselo zomqolo odadayo
Umqolo odadayo ugubungela inokukunceda ukukhusela izityalo zakho kwizinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo. Sebenzisa i-swath edadayo enobunzima obukhethekileyo kwaye ukhusele ngokupheleleyo izinto emhlabeni kunye nomhlaba okanye ukutya.
Qinisekisa ukuba ungazigqumi izityalo kwindawo apho bezikhule khona ngaphambili, ukusukela oko ezi zinambuzane zinokugqitha ngaphezulu komhlabake unokuba nohlaselo phantsi komqolo odadayo ukuba awalumkanga.
Imigibe
Olunye uhlobo lokukhusela kukukhulisa izityalo ezitsala ezi zinambuzane. Ukuba ukhula imigibe ejikeleze umda wegadi yakho, ooqongqothwane baya kubamba umkhosi wokuqala abawubonayo. Oku kunokulibazisa ukusasazeka kwayo.
Nasiphi na isityalo sokubamba esonwabela ukutya siza kusebenza njengesibambiso, kubandakanya namanye amalungu osapho. Solanaceae, njenge-cherry yomhlaba, i-nettle, i-tomato kunye ne-strawberry, zizinto ezibonisiweyo.
Umjikelo wobomi webhitata
Ukuze sazi ibhungane leetapile ngcono, sinokuyikhankanya loo nto Umjikelo wobomi bayo uphakathi kwenyanga enye neentsuku ezingama-40 zokuphila. Xa ukuqanduselwa kusenzeka, imibungu izondla okokuqala kumphezulu wegqabi, ibonakalise umbala obomvu obomvu, onokuthi ukhanye ngexesha lokukhula.
Kolu phuhliso baya konakalisa igqabi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokomgaqo ukondla kwabo imibungu kwaye, xa befikelela kutshintsho lwabo ekubeni ngabantu abadala, baya kuqhubeka nale nkqubo yokonakala kwesityalo. Banokuba nezizukulwana ezininzi ngonyaka.