Umntu angatya ukutya okwahlukileyo kakhulu. Okwangoku nangoku Iinkozo zisisiseko kukutya kwethu, ngakumbi ingqolowa. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo kakhulu, le mifuno yenye yezona zilinywa kakhulu eSpain, ikwindawo yesibini emva nje kwerhasi.
Ukuba unomdla kwisifundo kwaye ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokutya okuziinkozo okunesondlo, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda. Siza kucacisa ukuba yintoni ingqolowa, zithini iimpawu zayo, zeziphi iintlobo eziqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nezinye izinto.
Yintoni ingqolowa?
Sonke sinombono wokuba injani ingqolowa. Kodwa yintoni enye esiyaziyo ngaye? Esi sityalo singapheliyo siyinxalenye yosapho lwengca kwaye ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ezona zilinywa kakhulu zibizwa njalo Ixesha leTriticum y I-Triticum compactum. Ngokutya okuziinkozo okulinywe kakhulu ukwenza umgubo kunye nesonka, yi I-Triticum aestivum. Emva kwethuba siza kwenza amagqabantshintshi ngeentlobo zengqolowa ezikhoyo.
Le mifuno ivelisa iseti yeziqhamo ezixutywe nembewu enye efunyenwe kwi-spike yesiphelo. Ingqolowa ingafumaneka endle okanye kulinywe kuyo. Ngokwababhali-mbali, Imvelaphi yale cereal yenzeke kwimpucuko yase-Mesopotamiya yama-Egypt. Baye bafumanisa ingqolowa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ukwenza ukutya okuthile.
Emva kwenguquko yeNeolithic yenzeka eMpuma Mpuma, le ngqolowa yaqala ukulinywa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yenye yezona zinto zisisiseko ekutyeni kwethu. Uninzi lokutya kwanamhlanje kwenziwa ngengqolowa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba le mifuno igubungela phakathi kwe-10% kunye ne-20% yeekhalori ezifakwe yonke imihla.
Izixhobo
Ngoku sazi okuncinci ngemvelaphi yengqolowa, siza kuthetha ngeempawu zayo ngokwenxalenye yesityalo. Okokuqala sinengcambu, enokufikelela kwimitha okanye nangaphezulu kubunzulu. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwazo lubekwe kwiisentimitha ezingama-24 zokuqala zomhlaba. Ezi ziqala ukukhula ngexesha le-godson, ngexesha apho zingasasebenzi kakuhle. Iingcali zijonga ukuba ukukhula kweengcambu kugqityiwe xa kugqityiwe ukufakwa kweekhowudi.
Isikhondo semifuno sivelile, ngokungathi yingcongolo, kwaye sinendawo ezintandathu zizonke. Zombini ukuqina kwayo kunye nokuphakama kwayo kumisela ukunganyangeki kokuhlala. Ngokubhekisele kumagqabi, ezi zi-parallelinervias, wavy kunye ne-tip. Intyatyambo yenziwe ziintsimbi ezintathu kunye nepistil. Yintoni egqithisile, Inokhuselo olunikezwe ziibracts ezimbini eziluhlaza okanye iiglumlets. Ngokuphathelele kwisiqhamo, yi-caryopsis ene-pericarp edibeneyo kwi-seminal integument. Ubunzima obukhulu bengqolowa benziwe yi-endosperm equlathe izinto ezigciniweyo.
Kukwaphawuleka ukuba inflorescence yengqolowa. Sisipikisi esenziwe ngesiqu esiphakathi see-internode ezimfutshane, esibizwa ngokuba yi-rachis. Elinye lala maqhina libekwe kwispikelet, esikhuselwe ziibracts ezimbini macala. Iispikelets zineentyatyambo ezilithoba inye. Nangona kunjalo, ziphela zilahla uninzi lweentyatyambo, ukuya kuthi ga kwisibini ukuya kwisine ngesiqhelo. Ngokungaqhelekanga, inokubamba ukuya kwientyatyambo ezintandathu.
Iindidi zengqolowa
Njengeminye imifuno, ingqolowa, okanye I-Triticum, ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Siza kuthetha ngezona zixhaphake kakhulu ngezantsi.
I-Triticum aestivum okanye iTriticum vulgare
Ezona ntlobo zengqolowa zilinywa kakhulu emhlabeni yi I-Triticum aestivumo o I-Triticum vulgare. Phakathi kwe-90% kunye ne-95% yemveliso yelicereal iyahambelana nale ndidi. Imalunga nengqolowa yesonka, isonka okanye ethambileyo, njengoko isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni umgubo nesonka. Olu hlobo luhlala luhlwayelwa kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-hemispheres ezimbini.
I-Triticum monoccum
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yingqolowa ye-einkorn okanye ipele, i I-Triticum monoccum luhlobo lwangaphambili lwengqolowa. Ngaphambili ibibaluleke kakhulu kodwa namhlanje iphantse yaphela. Zimbalwa kakhulu izityalo ezikhoyo zolu hlobo kwaye zifumaneka kwiindawo ezimbalwa ezisezintabeni zaseYurophu. Inyani enomdla: U-zitzi, indoda eyazifumana ikwiiNtaba zeAlps zase-Italiya kwaye yayihlala malunga ne-3300 BC. C., yayineembewu ze I-Triticum monoccum emathunjini.
I-Triticum dicoccum
Enye yamavili aqhelekileyo yile I-Triticum dicoccum, okanye ifarro. Le cereal yakudala inxulunyaniswa kakhulu nengqolowa epelweyo kunye nengqolowa ebhaliweyo, yiyo loo nto ihlala ididekile nezi ntlobo. Iqulethe i-gluten, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwayo akufanelekanga kulabo abaneengxaki ezinxulumene nayo.
Ixesha leTriticum
Ingqolowa yedrum, okanye Ixesha leTriticumIkwabizwa ngokuba yi-candeal, iSicilian, ukuqhayisa, isemolina okanye ingqolowa yamaMoor. Ngenxa yokutya okuphezulu kwe-gluten kunye neprotheni, lolunye lweentlobo zengqolowa ezinexabiso lesondlo eliphezulu. Oludidi luyanyamezela kwizifo nakwimbalela, kodwa luvelisa kancinci kwizityalo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo.
I-Triticum ispelta
Phakathi kwezona ndidi zixhaphakileyo zengqolowa kukwabhalwa, eligama lalo lenzululwazi I-Triticum ispelta. Enye indlela yokubiza olu didi lupelo olukhulu okanye olukhulu. Esi sidlo sinokuphila kwimozulu ebandayo, ebandayo kunye nefumileyo. Ngokwexabiso lesondlo, iyafana kakhulu nengqolowa eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, Upelo luqulathe inani eliphezulu le-niacin kunye ne-riboflavin.
Intsimi yengqolowa
Okwangoku esona sityalo simelwe kakhulu eSpain yirhasi, ilandelwa yingqolowa. Ezokugqibela zilinywa kuzo zonke iindawo ezizimeleyo zommandla waseSpain, ngoxinaniso oluphezulu eCastilla y León, evelisa i40% yengqolowa eSpain. Emva koko uCastilla La Mancha uyalandela, ejikeleze iipesenti ezingama-22.
Xa kufikwa ekufumaneni iinkozo ezilungileyo kumabala engqolowa, eyona nto iphambili bubushushu kunye nemvula. Ezi zinto zimbini zithatha isigqibo sokukhula kakuhle kwesityalo. Ngokubanzi, le mifuno iyamelana nengqele, ikwazi ukuphila kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kweqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze ezi zityalo zikhule, zifuna amaqondo obushushu ubuncinci ama-16 degrees. Ngokubhekiselele kumanzi kunye nokufuma, azidingi maninzi. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ifanelekileyo kukugqitha iimilimitha ezingama-300 ukuya kuma-400.
Ukuchumisa kukwayinto enefuthe kwingqolowa. Kuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka apho ingqolowa ityalwe khona, izixa kunye nohlobo lwezichumisi ziyahluka. Iindidi zengqolowa kunye nemozulu nazo zidlala indima.
Ingqolowa iipropathi zentsholongwane
Ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo Yentsholongwane yengqolowa imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Ukwaluphala kunye ne-antioxidant yendalo.
- Iphezulu kwiiproteni kunye nee-carbohydrate. Oku kuzisa impilo kunye namandla kwiimisipha zethu.
- Iphezulu kwi-linoleic acid okanye ivithamin F. Iyanceda ukuqinisa iiproteni, amafutha kunye noshukela.
- Iqukethe iivithamini B. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ithathwa njengonyango lwendalo oluphucula amandla kunye nempilo yeenwele, ulusu kunye neenzipho.
Ngamafutshane, izibonelelo zentsholongwane yengqolowa zininzi Enkosi kwii-acid ezifanelekileyo kunye neevithamini eziqulathe:
- Ulawulo lwe-uric acid.
- Ukuphuculwa kokujikeleza.
- Ummiselo woxinzelelo lwegazi.
- Inceda ukukhula kwemisipha kunye nokuhamba kwamathumbu.
- Ukunciphisa ukudinwa.
- Ukunciphisa iingxaki zemithambo-luvo ezinje ngoxinzelelo, ixhala okanye ukuqaqanjelwa sisisu.
- Ukuphuculwa kwembonakalo yesikhumba, ngakumbi eyomileyo.
- Ukuphucula ukubonakala kweenwele.
Usetyenziso oluphambili lwengqolowa
Umgubo ufumaneka kwiingqolowa zomhlaba Esisebenzisa kakhulu isonka, kodwa nokunye ukutya okufana neicookies, ipasta kunye neekeyiki. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zizonke zomgubo:
- Uhlobo lomgubo A: Ngumgubo wesonka. Inamanqanaba amathathu akumgangatho opheleleyo, anokuba yinto eqhelekileyo okanye esemgangathweni, isohlwayo kunye nesohlwayo esongezelelweyo.
- Uhlobo lomgubo B: Zisemolina kwaye azinakubhakwa. Oku kuhlala kungumgubo osetyenziselwa ukwenza imacaroni kunye nepasta.
Ngqolowa yengqolowa asikwazi ukuvelisa umgubo kuphela okanye umgubo opheleleyo, kodwa kunye nebhiya, isemolina kunye nezinye iintlobo zokutya. Ukuba siyitya rhoqo le cereal, sinceda imizimba yethu ukuba yenze ukwetyisa, kuba iququzelela ukubekwa, ikuthanda ukwenziwa kokutya kwaye inceda ekucoceni into ephilayo. Konke oku kuyabulela kwifayibha equlethwe kuyo.
Ukuqukumbela, kunokuthi ingqolowa kukutya okusisiseko kukutya kwethu. Enkosi ngezibonelelo ezininzi ezisizisela zona kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lesondlo. Ngapha koko, ngaphandle kwawo, umgubo ubungayi kubakho, kwaye ngaphandle komgubo besingayi kukwazi ukwenza amaqebengwana amnandi ngolu hlobo.