Ngaba ukhe wayiqaphela imifuno ephuma phakathi kwemilambo yomhlaba? Okanye ezo zikhula ecaleni koololiwe? Ezi zityalo zikhula kakuhle kwiindawo ebesingasoze sizithathe njengezisebenzayo kwimifuno. Ziyi-rudels kwaye Babonakaliswa ngokukodwa kukukwazi kwabo ukukhula kwiindawo ezihlwempuzeke kakhulu okanye ezonakaliswe zibhotile.
Ziyabonakala ngokwahluka kwazo ngokweendawo zokuhlala. Singafumana iintlobo ezifanayo zezityalo ezingaqhelekanga kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni. Ukuba unomdla kwisifundo kwaye ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngale mifuno inomdla, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda.
Zithini izityalo eziqhelekileyo?
Iirudels zizityalo ngesiqhelo ezinobungakanani obuncinci Zivela kwiindawo zokuhlala eziye zatshintshwa kakhulu ngabantu. Imizekelo yoku ziindlela zendlela, indawo ezisezidolophini okanye amasimi ezityalo ashiyiweyo. Igama "ruderal" livela kwisiLatin ukubo y kuthetha "inkunkuma."
Inxalenye yeeruderales nayo inokuhlelwa njengokhula, kunye nokhula nokhula. Ezi zizityalo ezikhula zasendle kwindawo elinywayo nelawulwa ngabantu, umzekelo amasimi ezityalo okanye izitiya. Zombini izityalo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nokhula zinophawu lwe-nitrophilic, oko kukuthi, bahlala kwiindawo ezinenqanaba eliphezulu le-nitrogen.
Ngo-1975, i-ecologist uJohn Philip Grime wachaza ithiyori yakhe malunga neendlela zokuphila zezityalo ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokutsho kwakhe, izityalo zinokuhlelwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ngokwempendulo yabo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo:
- Abakhuphiswano (C)
- Uxinzelelo kuxinzelelo (S)
- IiRuderales (R)
Yiyo loo nto esi sicelo sikaJohn Philip Grime saziwa njengethiyori ye-CSR. Uburharha obunezinto ezinazo bunokuchazwa. Yintoni egqithisile, Ichazwa njengamandla okuphumelela nakwiindawo apho kukho ukuphazamiseka okwahlukileyo okubangelwa kukutshatyalaliswa okupheleleyo okanye kwenxalenye yesityalo se-biomass.
Iimpawu Ruderal
Ngokwamanqanaba acetywayo nguJohn Philip Grime, izityalo ezingaqhelekanga zinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Ubungakanani obuncinci
- Ukuqhawula amasebe
- Imijikelezo yobomi emfutshane
- Amandla okuzala anamandla
- Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza
Ngenxa yale nto, ukuhanjiswa kwayo kweendawo kubanzi kakhulu. Kwakhona, izityalo ezingaqhelekanga yimifuno yonyaka okanye emibini ngonyaka.
Imizekelo yezityalo ezingaqhelekanga
Ngoku ekubeni sisazi ukuba zeziphi izityalo ezingaqhelekanga, siza kuphawula kweminye yemizekelo yeentlobo zeli qela.
Amaranthus palmeri
Okokuqala sinayo Amaranthus palmeri, eyinxalenye yosapho lwe-Amaranthaceae. Sisityalo esimenyezelayo nesineziqu ezimileyo kunye namasebe anyukayo. Amagqabi ane-petiole ende kwaye ii-spikes zawo zilayini. Nangona izalelwe eMantla Melika, namhlanje singayifumana kulo lonke ilizwekazi, iYurophu ne-Australia.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imbewu yayo, amagqabi kunye neziqu zisisondlo kakhulu kuthi, kuba izilwanyana zezilwanyana sisityalo esinetyhefu, kuba amagqabi aso aneenitrate. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ayilinywa kwaphela kwaye ithathwa njengokhula oluyingozi. Ukongeza, olu khula lubeka emngciphekweni imveliso yazo zombini iimbotyi zesoya eArgentina kunye nomqhaphu kumazantsi eUnited States, kuba kwezo ndawo, Amaranthus palmeri iphuhlise ukunganyangeki okusebenzayo kwi-herbicide glyphosate.
I-Chelidonium majus
Siyaqhubeka nomnye umzekelo wezityalo ezingaqhelekanga: I-Chelidonium majus, ikwabizwa ngokuba kukuginya okanye i-celandine enkulu. Le mifuno ingapheliyo ye-poppy yintsapho ye-poppy kwaye ihlukaniswe kakhulu ngamagqabi kunye nobuthathaka, iziqu ezinamaqabunga amakhulu. Iintyatyambo zityheli ngelixa imbewu imnyama kwaye incinci.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetyenziswa kwayo, kukho ezininzi. I-celandine enkulu ineempawu zokuphilisa I-antispasmodic, cholagogue, choleretic, sedative central system, lipid-lowering, hypnotic, antitussive kunye ne-analgesic. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswa kwimeko yesifuba, i-bronchitis, ukukhohlela okukruqulayo, njl. Ukongeza, incindi yayo iyabulala ngoko ke kubonisiwe ukuvala amanxeba nokunyanga umbona, iintsumpa kunye nezidumba. Nangona kunjalo, ityhefu yayo iphezulu, Ke ngoko, esi sityalo akufuneki sigqitywe sodwa ngaphandle kokuxubeka kunye namayeza amaninzi, okanye ubuninzi obuphezulu.
I-Datura stramonium
Esinye sezityalo ezizii-ruderal yile I-Datura stramonium okanye ukhula lwejimson. Luhlobo lwe-angiosperm yohlobo lweDatura kunye nosapho lakwaSolanaceae. Esi sityalo sineenkcubeko ezininzi sinetyhefu kwaye ikhula kwimimandla efudumeleyo e-eutrophi enje ngeesitali, iidolophu, imilambo, indawo yokulahla inkunkuma kunye nendawo yokulahla inkunkuma. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ivela eMexico. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku sinokuyifumana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinobushushu kwihlabathi liphela.
La I-Datura stramonium Yimifuno yonyaka eneziqu ze-cylindrical kunye ne-branching ebuxoki ibonwa njenge-dichotomous. Ngokumalunga namagqabi esi sityalo, acociwe kwaye abukhali kwaye anoluhlu lweenwele ngaphezulu. Amagqabi eentyatyambo zawo ahlala emhlophe ngemiphetho emfusa. Endaweni yokuba, imbewu imnyama. Isiqhamo sokhula lukaJimson sine-ovoid kwaye sineenwele ezimfutshane kakhulu kunye nangaphezulu kwama-35 spines.
I-Daucus carota
UDaucus carota, ongowosapho lwe-apiaceae, naye sisityalo esingaqhelekanga. Ngokuqinisekileyo sonke siyayazi, kodwa ngelinye igama: Carrot. Ngaphakathi kosapho lwakho yeyona ibalulekileyo kwaye inye enokusetyenziswa okuphezulu. Ke ngoko, ayimangalisi into yokuba ikhule ngobuninzi kwiingcambu zayo zeorenji. Esi sityalo siphuma kabini ngonyaka senza i-rosette yamagqabi ekwindla nasebusika, ngelixa sisenza ingcambu ye-napiform entle. Injongo yengcambu kukugcina iswekile ngobuninzi ukuze imifuno ikwazi ukudubula kunyaka olandelayo.
Nangona izityalo ezingaqhelekanga zinokuba yingozi empilweni, zibe yingxaki kwizityalo kwaye zingafuneki kwizitiya zethu, bayimifuno enobuchule obungaphaya bokuphila, Ungasathethi ke ngokubaluleka abanokuba nako kwinqanaba lendalo. Ekugqibeleni, yonke into idityanisiwe enye nenye kwaye kufuneka sizame ukugcina ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwezinto, okanye ubuncinci bangaqhubeki nokuphazamisa oko ngokupheliswa kwazo zombini iintlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo.