Kukho amasebe amaninzi kunye neendidi ngaphakathi kwebhayoloji, ngalinye linempawu zalo kunye nokubaluleka. Enye yazo yintsholongwane, enkosi apho sifezekise inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwisayensi kwaye ngakumbi kwezamayeza. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi lomntu luhlala lilinganiselwe kulo mbandela. Ke ngoko, izinto ezintsha zisoloko zisenziwa.
Nangona uninzi lwabantu ludibanisa iintsholongwane kunye nezifo ezibangela isifo ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni, inyani yile besingenakuphila ngaphandle kwezinto ezininzi ezincinane. Ukongeza, siyazisebenzisa nakwinqanaba lezemizi-mveliso. Kule nqaku siza kuthetha nge-microbiology, sichaze ukuba yintoni kwaye sichaze zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo. Ukongeza, sifuna ukuqonda ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwale sayensi ebantwini. Ukuba unomdla kwisihloko, qhubeka ufunda.
Yintoni i-Microbiology?
Ngaphakathi kwibhayoloji kukho amasebe amaninzi afunda ngemiba eyahlukeneyo yeli qela likhulu. Enye yezo sayensi yintsholongwane. Oku linoxanduva lokufunda kunye nohlalutyo iintsholongwane. Kungenxa yokuba eli sebe le-biology ligxile ikakhulu kwizifo zabantu, zihlala zihambelana nendidi zonyango, ezinje nge-immunology, epidemiology, kunye ne-pathology.
Nangona ulwazi esinalo namhlanje ngenxa ye-microbiology lukhulu kakhulu, zininzi izinto onokuzifumana nokuzazi. Ukufunyanwa okutsha kuhlala kuhleli kule sayensi kwaye ayothusi, kuba ngokokuqikelelwa, Okwangoku yi-1% kuphela ye-microorganisms kwi-biosphere efundiweyo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto i-microbiology isasebusaneni, ngaphandle kokuba intsholongwane yokuqala yafunyanwa kwiminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo. Kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkalo zebhayiloji ezinje nge-botany, i-zoology okanye i-entomology, i-microbiology isandula ukuphuma.
Amagciwane
Kodwa yintoni ii-microorganisms? Zizinto ezincinci eziphilayo ezingabonakaliyo ngamehlo omntu. Elinye igama abaziwa ngalo yi "microbes." Ke sinokuthi i-microbiology yisayensi efunda izinto eziphilayo ezinokubonwa kuphela ngemicroscope: iiprokaryotic ezilula kunye ne-eukaryotic.
Ii-microbes zinokwenziwa ngeseli enye, yiyo loo nto i-unicellular, okanye isuntswana leeseli zenziwe ngeeseli ezilinganayo, ke ngekhe kubekhona umahluko weseli. Ezi zinokuba yi-eukaryotic okanye iprokaryotic. Kwimeko yokuqala, iiseli zinemvulophu yenyukliya, enjengomngundo. Kwelinye icala, ii-prokaryotes azinayo le mvulophu, iya kuba yimeko yebhaktiriya. Nangona kunjalo, ii-microbiologists zijolise ikakhulu kwiintsholongwane ifunyanwa phakathi kweentsholongwane, iintsholongwane kunye nefungi. Ezinye iintsholongwane ziye zashiywa kwamanye amasebe ebhayoloji, anje ngeparasitology.
Zithini iintlobo ze-microbiology?
Kungenxa yokuba yintsimi ebanzi kakhulu, zininzi iintlobo ze-microbiology apho abafundi banokugxininisa khona. Siza kubona ukuba ziyintoni kwaye zingantoni.
I-physiology yentsholongwane
Kwimeko ye-physiology ye-microbial, kuyafundwa, kwinqanaba le-biochemical, ukusebenza iiseli iintsholongwane. Oku kubandakanya imetabolism, ukulawulwa kwayo kunye nokukhula. Olu hlobo lwe-microbiology luhambelana kakhulu ne-microbial genetics.
Imfuza encinci
Eli sebe lifunda ukulawulwa nokulungelelaniswa kohlobo lwendalo kumagciwane. Ukongeza, ikwahlalutya indlela ezo zofuzo ezilawula ngayo ukusebenza kweeseli. Imichiza yemfuza yemichiza inxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-biology yeemolekyuli.
Unyango lweentsholongwane
Njengoko sinokucinga, unyango lwe-microbiology luxanduva lokufunda ezo ntsholongwane kubangela isifo ebantwini, i-pathogenesis, unyango kunye nokusasaza. Ngenxa yoku, olu hlobo lwe-microbiology lubaluleke kakhulu kwezinye iinzululwazi ezinje ngamayeza, i-pharmacology, i-epidemiology kwaye, ewe, impilo yoluntu.
Unyango lwezilwanyana
Njengohlobo lwangaphambili, uphando lwezilwanyana oluncinci luyimbangela yesifo, kodwa ngeli xesha yezilwanyana. Ijolise ikakhulu kwizinto ezincinci ezichaphazela kakubi izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nezilwanyana ezinomdla kwezoqoqosho, ezinje ngeegusha, iihagu, iibhokhwe, iinkukhu, njl.
I-microbiology yendalo esingqongileyo
Xa sithetha nge-microbiology yendalo esingqongileyo, sithetha isayensi efundayo iyantlukwano kunye nendima yeentsholongwane kwindawo yazo yendalo. Eli sebe libandakanya i-geomicrobiology, bioremediation, iyantlukwano ye-microbial, kunye ne-microbial ecology.
Inguqulelo kwiintsholongwane
Njengoko unokucinga ngokuqinisekileyo, ezi zifundo zesayensi ukuvela kwezinto ezincinci, kubandakanya uqoqosho kunye neenkqubo zentsholongwane.
Imicrobiology yemizi-mveliso
Kwinqanaba lezemveliso kukho uhlobo lwe-microbiology. Nguye ophethe isifundo ukuxhaphazwa kweentsholongwane ngokubhekisele ekusebenziseni kwazo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeshishini. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:
- Ukuveliswa kokutya okunje ngeeshizi, iyogathi, njl.
- Ukuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ezinje ngezitofu zokugonya okanye izixhobo ezichasayo.
- Unyango lwelindle.
- Ukuvundiswa kwemizi-mveliso ukulungiselela ukufumana iziselo ezinxilisayo.
Le sayensi inxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-biotechnology, kuba ukuveliswa kweemetabolites ezithile ze-microbial kugqithisile kubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha bemfuza, konke oko kunomdla woqoqosho, ewe. Yile ndlela zifumaneka ngayo i-antibiotics, iivithamini, ii-acid kunye nee-amino acid, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Microbiology yokutya
Malunga nokutya, Uhlalutyo olwenziwe yi-microbiology lusebenza kakhulu. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe elabhoratri zezona ndawo zinzima kuyo yonke inkqubo yovavanyo.
I-microbiology yococeko
Izifundo ze-microbiology zezempilo iintsholongwane ezonakalisa ukutya, okanye apho banako ukuhambisa izifo ebantwini abazisebenzisayo.
I-microbiology yezolimo
Ezinye iintsholongwane, ngakumbi ukungunda kunye neebhaktiriya, ifumaneka kumhlaba osetyenziselwa ukukhulisa izityalo yomdla kwezoqoqosho. Inzululwazi ebafundayo kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo oluluncedo yinkqubo encinci yezolimo.
Phytopathology
Ngokubhekisele kwi-botany, i-phytopathology sisifundo izifo zezityalo. Uninzi lwezinto ezincinci ezinjengeentsholongwane, ibhaktheriya, ifungi okanye i-nematode zinokuchaphazela izityalo.
Ubume bendalo
Ngokumalunga ne-microbial ecology, iyafunda indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abancinci xa unxibelelana kwindawo enye. Ukwenza oku, bakha ubudlelwane bebhayoloji omnye komnye.
Amacandelo ahambelana noko
Ngaphandle kweentlobo ze-microbiologies ezikhoyo, kukho ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinxulumene okanye ziyinxalenye yale sayensi. Nalu uluhlu lwazo:
- Intsholongwane: Study prokaryotes, ezingundoqo ibacteria kunye archaea. Kubandakanya iMycobacteriology.
- I-Phycology: Isifundo se-algae kunye ne-microalgae. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "algology."
- I-Mycology: Funda ngamakhowa.
- Micropaleontology: Funda microfossils.
- I-Palynology: Umungu wokufunda kunye ne-spores.
- IProtozoology: Funda iprotozoa.
- Intsholongwane: Iintsholongwane zokufunda.
Yintoni isicelo se-microbiology?
Nangona kwinqanaba lembali amagciwane asetyenziselwa ukunxulunyaniswa kuphela nezifo zabantu kunye nezilwanyana, namhlanje siyazi ukuba ii-microbes ze-pathological zimele ipesenti esezantsi kakhulu yetotali. Uninzi lwezinto ezincinci zilungile kwaye zibalulekile kuthi nakwizinto eziphilayo, ezinjengeebhaktheriya ezihlala ngokuhambelana kwindlela yethu yokwetyisa. Ngaphandle kwabo ngekhe sikwazi ukwetyisa.
Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo abayenzayo kwizinto zethu eziphilayo, ii-microorganisms zikwasetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ukuvelisa, umzekelo, iziselo ezinxilisayo, iyogathi okanye ii-antibiotics. Kukwabalulekile ukuqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwayo kuphando lwebhayoloji olwenziwe kwihlabathi liphela. Phakathi kwazo kukho ukuveliswa kweprotein kunye nokwenziwa kohlobo.
Njengoko isayensi ekhethekileyo, ulwazi lwe-microbiological lwahlulwe lwangamacandelo aliqela:
- Unyango lweentsholongwane
- Ugonyo
- Microbiology yendalo
- I-microbiology yezolimo
- Biotechnology
Nganye yazo ibalulekile kuhlobo lobomi esibuholayo ngoku. Yintoni egqithisile, Uninzi lwezi sayensi belungayi kuba phambili kakhulu ukuba bekungezizo izazi ngeentsholongwane.
Ukubaluleka namhlanje
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, i-microbiology yenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwibhayoloji nakumayeza. Ingakumbi ngokubhekisele kumacandelo e i-genetics, i-biology yeseli kunye ne-biochemistry. Iziphumo zale nzululwazi bezintle kakhulu, ziququzelela amachiza amatsha ukunyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo zabantu nezilwanyana. Kodwa ayichaphazeli kuphela ezempilo, ukuba ayichaphazeli namanye amacandelo anje ngokutya. Ngombulelo kuphononongo olwenziwe kwii-microorganism kwezolimo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuliwe izitshabalalisi zentsholongwane ukuthintela ukwehla kobungakanani kunye nomgangatho wezityalo.
Ukuqukumbela sinokuthi i-microbiology yisayensi ebaluleke kakhulu namhlanje. Siyabulela kuyo sinokutya ukutya okuthile kwaye sinyange izifo ezininzi kunye nezifo ngeziyobisi. Ke sinokonwaba ukuba ii-microorganisms zikhona, kuba zimbalwa kakhulu kuzo eziyingozi kuthi. Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku likucacisile konke ukuthandabuza malunga neli sebe lebhayoloji.