Phytopathology

Ngaba uyazi ukuba izityalo nazo zinengxaki yezifo, ukungunda kunye nezifo ezingaphezulu? Yiyo loo nto. Nangona imifuno ingenakho ukuzityhila, ubuncinci phantsi kwembono yethu, Ewe sinako ukwahlula izityalo ezisempilweni kwizigulo okanye ezichaphazelekileyo. Kukho inzululwazi epheleleyo ezinikele ekufundeni i-pathologies yezityalo: i-Phytopathology.

Kule nqaku siza kuthetha ngesayensi ebizwa ngokuba yi-phytopathology, sichaza ngokufutshane ukuba yintoni i-phytology kwaye sigxininisa ukubaluleka kwezi zifundo. Ukuba unomdla kwisifundo, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda.

Yintoni phytology?

Kuqala kufuneka sicacise intsingiselo yeli gama. Njengoko usazi kakuhle, "i-pathology" ithetha isifo. Kodwa yintoni phytology? Ngokusisiseko Lisebe lebhayoloji elifunda ngezityalo kunye nemifuno, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-botany. Izifundo ezenziweyo kwizityalo zibandakanya yonke into enokwenzeka enxulumene nazo: Ukwahlulahlula, inkcazo, ukuhanjiswa, iimpembelelo abanazo kwimeko-bume apho bafumaneka khona, iphysology, ukuchongwa, morphology, ubudlelwane obubuyisanayo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo kunye nokuzala kwakhona.

Ngaphakathi kwezityalo siyakwazi ukwahlula ecocekileyo kunye ne-botany esetyenzisiweyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, injongo kukwandisa ulwazi esinalo malunga nendalo. Ngokumalunga nokusetyenziswa kophando lwezityalo, ezi zinceda ukuphucula ezolimo, amayeza kunye nobuchwephesha kwezamahlathi. Ukongeza, kukho amasebe aliqela ngaphakathi kwezityalo, ezinje ngephytochemistry, phytography okanye pathology yezityalo.

Yintoni phytopathology?

Njengoko besesitshilo apha ngasentla, i-phytopathology, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-pathology yezityalo, Yinzululwazi efumanisa kwaye ilawula izifo zezityalo. Oku kubandakanya zombini izifundo ezinxulumene nezinto ezosulelayo ezihlasela izityalo kunye nezifo zomzimba okanye ukuphazamiseka kwe-abiotic. Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo obangelwe zizilwanyana ezitya uhlaza ezifana nezilwanyana okanye izinambuzane aziyonxalenye yesayensi yezifo zezityalo. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba izifo zezityalo zibangela ilahleko ye-10% kwimveliso yokutya kwihlabathi liphela.

Zimbini iintlobo zezinto ezinokubangela izifo kwizityalo: I-Biotic kunye ne-abiotic. Siza kugqabaza ngazo zombini apha ngezantsi.

Izinto zebhayoloji

Xa sithetha ngezinto eziphilayo, sibhekisa kwizinto eziphilayo ezinempembelelo kwindalo. Ngokubhekisele kwizityalo, banokuchaphazeleka koku kulandelayo:

• Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamakhowa
• IiProkaryotes (iintsholongwane)
• Iintsholongwane kunye ne-viroids
• Iimpawu
• IProtozoa
• Izityalo zeParasitic

Zonke ezi zinto zinakho ukwenza Ukungena kunye nokusasazeka kwinto ephilayo yezityalo. Kwimeko apho izinto ze-abiotic zibangela i-phytopathology, ikhula ngokwamanqanaba asibhozo:

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ukutshintsha kwezityalo

1. Ungcoliseko: Isixhobo esosulelayo sisondela kwisityalo esisamkelayo.
2. Ukungena: Emva koko ingena kwisityalo ngokusebenzisa izicwili ezisempilweni, amanxeba okanye ukuvuleka kwendalo.
3. Usulelo: I-pathogen idibana neeseli zesityalo esingene ngaphakathi.
4. Ukufukama: Eli lixesha lokuphumla phakathi kosulelo kunye nokubonakala kweempawu.
5. Ubunzima: I-arhente echaphazelayo inwenwela kwezinye izicwili zezityalo.
6. Ukuzaliswa kwakhona: Ngaphakathi kwisityalo, i-pathogen iqala ukuvelisa kwakhona.
7. Ukusasazwa: Izinto ezintsha ezosulelayo zisasazeka phakathi ukuze zilungelelanise ezinye izityalo.
8. Ukusinda: Ezi zifo zihlala embindini ukuba iimeko azonelanga ukosulela isityalo esitsha.

Izinto ze-Abiotic

Kwelinye icala, izifo kwimifuno nazo zinokubangelwa zizinto ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokufanelekileyo: Ngezizathu zendalo zomzimba ezifana, umzekelo, izikhukula okanye imililo. Intshukumo yomntu ikwabandakanyiwe kweli qela, enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kukungcoliseka kwendalo. Ke, ezi zizinto ezingasihlaseli ngokuthe ngqo isityalo, ukuba ayisiyiyo indalo esingqongileyo. Ukongeza, kumaxesha amaninzi banokuthintelwa ukuba kwenziwe ulondolozo oluchanekileyo.

Phakathi izinto zendalo oku kulandelayo:

• Imbalela
• Kuyabanda
• Izikhukula
• Ukungabikho kwezondlo
• Amaminerali amaninzi anyibilikayo
• Ukufakwa kwetyuwa
• Umoya
• Ukugqithisa okanye ukungabikho kwezibane
• Ukutsha kwamahlathi
• Ityhefu ebangelwa ziiarhente zemichiza ezahlukeneyo

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ribosome

Malunga nezinto ezibandakanya isenzo somntu sinale:

• Ukuxinana komhlaba
• Ungcoliseko, umoya kunye nomhlaba
• Amayeza okubulala ukhula
• Ukungabikho koqeqesho lwabantu abaphethe izityalo

Yintoni ukubaluleka kwezifo zezityalo?

Ukubaluleka kwezifundo kwizifo zezityalo kubalulekile, kuba olu lwazi alunakusilela kwezolimo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ezimbi ezichaphazela izityalo zinciphisa isivuno kwaye zonakalisa umgangatho wemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukugcina isityalo ngokuchonga okuchanekileyo kwaye ngexesha lokulawula iiarhente ezonakalisayo.

Ayisiyiyo kuphela kwinqanaba lezolimo apho isigqibo se-phytopathology sithatha isigqibo, Kananjalo amacandelo kunye nemizi mveliso exhomekeke kwezolimo inokuchaphazeleka. Ukuba izifo zezityalo azinyangwa kwangexesha, zinokubangela ilahleko kwezoqoqosho ezinokuthi ziphele zichaphazela lonke uluntu kunye nomgangatho wokuphila wabantu. Ngokucacileyo, ilahleko ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwemveliso, iintlobo zezityalo, iarhente eyonakalisayo kunye nexesha elithathayo ukuyichonga.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ukudaya izityalo

Akunakuphikwa ukuba i-pathologies yezityalo ikwazile ukutshintsha imikhwa eyahlukeneyo, ngakumbi xa kubandakanyeka izinto ze-abiotic. Yintoni egqithisile, enkosi kubo kuye kwenziwa amashishini amatsha, kubandakanya ezo zivelisa zombini oomatshini kunye neekhemikhali zokulawula nokukhusela izifo zezityalo nezityalo.

Curiosities

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwakusazeka ukuba izityalo zingagula. Nangona kunjalo, babehlala besithi ezi zifo zenziwa ngamandla angaphezu kwendalo, ngakumbi ingqumbo yoothixo. Isifo sokuqala sezityalo esivela kwimvelaphi yaso kukubola kwamazinyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yingqolowa, ebangelwa yintsholongwane i-Tilletia caries.

Enye into enomdla kukuba Izityalo zezifo zezilwanyana zaba ngabokuqala ukuchonga intsholongwane. Yintsholongwane ye-mosaic virus (TMV). Ukongeza, baqulunqa i-fungicide yokuqala yokulawula i-phytopathology. Ngumxube we-fungicide we-Bordeaux, ongumxube we-lime kunye ne-sulfate yobhedu.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

UCharles Linnaeus

Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku beliluncedo kwaye linolwazi. Kufuneka siyikhumbule loo nto ngumsebenzi wakhe wonke umntu ukukhathalela umhlaba nabemi bawo, kubandakanya nezityalo, kuba ngaphandle kwazo ngekhe siqhubeke ukubakho.