Nangona sibona izityalo zikhula ngesiqhelo, zinengxaki enkulu ekufuneka zijongane nayo ngokuqhubekayo. Bamele bazame ukufumana i-carbon dioxide eninzi ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkqubo ye-photosynthesis kwaye bagcine amanzi amaninzi kangangoko. Ukuze bathathe ikharbon diokside esemoyeni, bafuna amalungu abizwa ngokuba stomata. Ezi iiseli ezizodwa ezifumaneka kwi-epidermis yezityalo kwaye zinalo msebenzi.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-stomata kunye nokusebenza kwazo kwizityalo.
Yintoni i-stomata
Ikharbhon diokside ifumaneka kwiatmosfera kodwa inyibilike kakhulu. Yi-0.03% kuphela yomxholo womoya ojikeleze i-carbon dioxide. Ke ngoko, bafuna amalungu athile ukuze bakwazi ukufunxa le gesi kunye nokwenza ifotosinthesisi. Amalungu anoxanduva lokufunxa icarbon dioxide zii-stomata. Ezi stomata aziyonto ngaphandle kweepore okanye ukuvuleka okunokulawulwa kwaye kufunyenwe kwizicubu ze-epidermal. Zenziwe ngeeseli ezizodwa ezibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ezibonakalayo.
Ipore eyenzeka nge-stomata ibizwa ngokuba yi-ostiole. I-ostiolus inoxanduva lokunxibelelana nesityalo kunye nomngxunya obizwa ngokuba ligumbi lokuzalwa. Kumacala eseli nganye ebonakalayo kukho iiseli ezininzi ze-epidermal ezibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ezincedisayo okanye iiseli ezincedisayo. Xa kuziwa ekuvuleni okanye ekuvalweni kwe-stomata, ziiseli ezibonakalayo ezizilawulayo.
Kunokuthiwa yi-stomata Zizo ezimele unxibelelwano phakathi kwendalo kunye nesityalo. Imvelaphi yezi stomata kulindeleke ukuba ivele xa izityalo ziguqula indalo yazo zivela kwicandelo lasemanzini kwaye ziwenza umhlaba ube kholoni. Indlela yokubandakanya ikharbon diokside enyibilikiswe kwindalo esingqongileyo yaguqulwa. Ukusuka ekungeneni ngekharbon diokside enyibilikayo emanzini ukuya ekucoceni emoyeni.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Stomata zikhona kwi-epidermis yazo zonke iindawo zomoya zesityalo. Ezi ndawo zomoya zenza amagqabi, iziqu eziluhlaza, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ezikhulayo. Zonke ezi zinto zesityalo zine-stomata sokukwazi ukutshintshisa ioksijini kunye nekhabhon diokside kwindalo esingqongileyo. Kukho ezinye izityalo ezifana IPisum sativum nayo ine-stomata kwiingcambu.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho nalinye kula malungu lifunyenwe kwi-algae, ifungi okanye ezinye izityalo ze-parasitic ezingenayo i-chlorophyll. Nangona kunjalo, bakho kwi iibryophytes, I-pteridophytes kunye ne-spermatophytes. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwegqabi, ihlala inenani elikhulu le-stomata. Kwaye le yinxalenye yomoya enexabiso elikhulu leegesi onokutshintshisana nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba.
Enye yeengxaki ezijongana nezityalo ngexesha lembalela okanye ngexesha lasehlotyeni yile ukulahleka kwamanzi ngolu tshintshiselwano ngegesi. Kwaye kukuthi, xa kuvulwa i-stomata, ayisiyigesi kuphela etshintshiselwa ukusuka ngaphakathi ukuya ngaphandle kwesityalo, kodwa yinxalenye yamanzi anayo isityalo ngaphakathi siyamphunga. Ngesi sizathu, ifotosinthesisi kufuneka iphumelele ngala maxesha omhla apho amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kwaye ukubila kukona kuncinci. Ke, izityalo ziqinisekisa ukuphulukana namanzi okuncinci ngolu tshintshiselwano ngegesi.
Ngokuchasene nenkolelo edumileyo, kukho izityalo ezininzi ezithi azenzi photosynthesize njengokuqhubekayo ngexesha lasehlotyeni okanye lonyaka owomileyo. Benza oku ngenjongo yokonga amanzi amaninzi kangangoko kwaye bangachithi nantoni na ngombilo. Enye indlela yokuphila kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo kukwenza i-photosynthesis kuphela ngeeyure zakusasa kwakusemva kwemini. Yindlela enceda ukugcina amanzi amaninzi kangangoko, kuba ukungabikho okwangoku kungaphantsi.
Ukuchaphazela ubuncinci bemitha yelanga kwi-stomata kunye nomphezulu wesityalo ngokubanzi, kuya kuncipha ukulahleka kwamanzi kukubila.
Iindidi zamagqabi kuxhomekeke kwindawo ekuyo i-stomata
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, amagqabi ayinxalenye yezityalo ezineyona ntloko. Kungenxa yokuba kukho iinxalenye zeentsuku ezicwangciswe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze ukwazi ukutshintshisa ezi gesi kunye nomoya. Kuxhomekeka kwinani le-stomata kunye nendawo abafumaneka kuyo, iya kubizwa ngokwahlukileyo.
La ngamagama abafumanayo ngokweendawo abahlala kuzo:
- Izifo zengqondo: Lawa ngamagqabi ane-stomata kuphela kubuso be-adaxial okanye inyanda. Ezi zityalo zihlala zifuna ukukhanya kwelanga okuninzi ekupheleni kosuku. Yiyo kuphela kwendlela abanokuthi batshintshe ngayo iigesi kunye nomoya ojikelezayo kunye nefotosinthesisi.
- Hypostomatic: Ngaba lawo magqabi ane-stomata kuphela kwi-abaxial okanye ngaphantsi Ezi ntlobo zamagqabi zezona ziqheleke kuyo yonke imithi. Kwaye kunjalo, ngaphandle kwento edla ngokucinga, yindawo engaphantsi kwamagqabi apho kukho i-stomata esinceda ukutshintshisa ezi gesi nomoya.
- Amphiestomatic: ngamagqabi ane-stomata kumacala omabini. Nangona zine-stomata kumacala omabini, zihlala zithanda ukuba ngaphezulu emazantsi. Oku kwenzeka ikakhulu kwizityalo zosapho lwe-herbaceous.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo, indawo yokuhambisa, i-ecosystems, imozulu, isixa semitha yelanga, imvula, njl. Kuyakubakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ezinokuziqhelanisa nezi meko zendalo. Ke ngoko, sinokuthi siqaphele ukuba ubuninzi okanye ubuninzi benani le-stomata lesityalo bunokwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kumashumi ambalwa ukuya kumawaka kwisilimitha ngasinye. Eli nani le-stomata likwaphenjelelwa yimilo yegqabi kunye nemfuzo yazo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-stomata kunye nokusebenza kwazo kwizityalo.