Sikwixesha lamakhowa kunye nefungi, kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba, ngamanye amaxesha, unokuzibuza ukuba yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhowa kunye nabantu. Ngaba siye satya amakhowa ixesha elide? Kwenzeka ntoni ngaphambili kwizinto ezinetyhefu okanye ezinetyhefu? Ngaba sizisebenzisa ekutyeni kuphela?
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi okungakumbi malunga nembali phakathi kwamakhowa kunye nabantu, ngoko siza kuthetha nawe malunga nayo.
Ukususela nini kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhowa kunye nabantu?
Into yokuqala okufuneka uyazi kukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhowa kunye nabantu bukho ixesha elide kakhulu, Singathetha ngamaxesha amandulo, ookhokho bethu bangaphambili. Ukuba ukhumbula ngokuchanekileyo, ngelo xesha abantu bahlanganiswa ngokwezizwe okanye amaqela kwaye, phakathi kwezi, kwakukho abantu abaneendima ezahlukeneyo, abanye abazingeli kunye nabanye abaqokeleli.
Yile mizuzwana enika umdla kuthi kuba yayingabo ababephethe ukubonelela ngokutya okufunyenweyo kwaqokelelwa ukuze kutyiwe. Ngoko ke, kucingelwa ukuba amakhowa kunye neefungi ziya kuba kukutya abangayi kuphoswa, ngakumbi ekubeni ngelo xesha kwakungafanele babe "gourmets".
Ngoku, njengoko usazi, kukho amakhowa anetyhefu okanye anetyhefu, kuthekani ngawo? Ngelishwa, kusenokwenzeka ukuba, ngaphambi kokuba baqonde ukuba zeziphi na abanokuzitya nabangenakuzitya, abanye abantu babeza kunikezela kuzo. Ibiyi ulwazi abaya kulufumana ngobuchule "bovavanyo kunye nempazamo", oko kukuthi, babeza kuvavanya de babone ukuba kwenzeke ntoni baze “bahlalutye” amakhowa ababenokuwaqokelela baze bawashiye, bawatshabalalise okanye bawasebenzisele ezinye izinto, ezo zingatyiwayo.
Enyanisweni, oku akusiyo into ethathwa ngaphandle kokungaphezulu, kukho imizobo yomqolomba, kwintlango yaseSahara, apho kubonakala khona amanani amakhowa, kwaye le mizobo isuka kwiminyaka eyi-7000 kunye ne-5000 BC.
Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, kodwa ngowe-1991, ukufunyanwa kukaÖtzi, indoda eyayingumkhenkce eTyrol, ngowama-5300 BC inengxowa kwakwenza kwacaca ukuba ukususela ngelo xesha babesebenzisa amakhowa.. Ngoba? Ewe, kuba ngaphakathi kwebhegi yayo, enomkhenkce, kwakukho amakhowa amabini: iPiptoporus betulinus (birch fungus) kunye neFomes fomentius (tinderbox). Ukongeza, ezi zimbini azizange zitye amakhowa, kuba eyokuqala ineempawu zonyango kwaye eyesibini isetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa umlilo.
Amakhowa kwizithethe zonqulo
Enye yezinto ezisetyenziswayo ezinokuthi zinikwe amakhowa, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kumaxesha amandulo benzayo, sithetha malunga neminyaka engama-3000 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, kukuba izithethe zonqulo ukususela kumakhowa amaninzi, ngokukodwa anetyhefu okanye lawo ayengafanelekanga. ukusetyenziswa kokutya, zazisetyenziswa njengeziyobisi okanye iziyobisi, ukunxibelelana nehlabathi lomoya.
Kuyaziwa ukuba zazisetyenziswa ziinkcubeko zangaphambi kweColumbian zoMbindi Merika, kodwa nakwizizwe ezikumantla aseYurophu.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhowa kunye nabantu kumaxesha amandulo
Ukuza kufutshane ngoku, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba kukho iimbekiselo kwi ukusetyenziswa kwamakhowa eYiputa, eRoma, ePersi, eGrisi okanye eMesopotamiya.
Ngokomzekelo, eYiputa amakhowa kwakusithiwa "kukutya koothixo" lowo ke wayesidla waba ngongenasiphelo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abalawuli, ngenxa yokwesaba oku kwenzekayo, banqanda amadoda ukuba adle okanye athinte amakhowa.
Kwenzeka into efanayo eRoma, apho zazibhekwa njenge "zomlingo", kodwa ukunika ukungafi, kodwa amandla kaThixo. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva kwathiwa nazo zaziyi-aphrodisiacs.
Ngelo xesha, ayegqalwa njengokutya kwabo bakumgangatho ophezulu, yaye kwanorhwebo lwabo lwalulawulwa. Enyanisweni, kukho iimeko apho amakhowa "ayengamatyala" okufa kwabantu abaninzi, njengaleyo yoMlawuli uKlawudiyo.
EGrisi batyhalela phambili. Kwaye kuyaziwa ukuba imbongi u-Euripides wayengowokuqala ukuqaphela, kunye nokuchaza, ubuthi obuveliswa ngamakhowa. Yiyo le nto yaqala ukuhlelwa kwamakhowa ngelixa, kamva, ugqirha kunye ne-botanist Dioscorides benza ukwahlukana phakathi kwamakhowa "anobungozi" kunye "nenzuzo".
Amakhowa kumaXesha Aphakathi
Ngexesha leMinyaka ePhakathi, ukusetyenziswa kwamakhowa kwakungaqwalaselwanga kakuhle. Inyaniso, zazigqalwa ‘njengezidalwa zikaMtyholi’ kuba amaxesha amaninzi babenxulunyaniswa namagqwirha okanye izidalwa ezimangalisayo kodwa ngokweyona mbono imbi kubo. Ngoko ke, abantu abaninzi babesoyika ukuwadla.
Ayizange incede into yokuba i-fungi yavela ekutyeni abantu abakutyayo kwaye oko kwabangela ukuba babe neengxaki zempilo ezifana nokubonakala kwe-gangrenes, i-hallucinations, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ...
Kwelinye icandelo lehlabathi, njengamazwe aseMpuma, zazisetyenziswa ngokufuthi ngakumbi. Enyanisweni, kwakukho nezityalo zamakhowa namakhowa. Kodwa kwakunganelanga ukuba iYurophu iyeke ukungabathembi, yaye baqhubeka besebenzisa iidemon. Ngokomzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu, u-Albert Omkhulu wabhekisela kubo ngokuthi "ukuphefumula komhlaba, ubuthathaka kunye nokonakala" kungathathwa "zizityalo."
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhowa kunye nabantu badlulela ngaphaya kwe-gastronomy
Nangona amakhowa enokujongwa njengokutya, kwaye sele esetyenziswe ngolo hlobo, eneneni asetyenziswa kakhulu kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Kwelinye icala, yaye njengoko sesibonile, zazisetyenziswa kwizithethe zonqulo. Ngokuqinisekileyo iimvavanyo, imibono, njl. ukuba baqhube ngaloo maxesha phakathi kwezithako zabo la makhowa kunye nokungunda kwiipropathi ze-psychoactive ezibangele iimeko ezingaqhelekanga (ukuba babandezeleke ngemibono, ukuba abazange bazive zintlungu, ukuba kwi-limbo ...).
Nangona kunjalo, ayikuphela kokusetyenziswa ebinakho ukutyhubela amawaka eminyaka. Kuyaziwa ukuba ibisetyenziselwa ukubulala, ukusebenzisa amakhowa anetyhefu okanye anetyhefu ngokuchasene neentshaba.
Kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Ukunyanga. Kukho amakhowa kunye neefungi ezineempawu zonyango kwaye, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kufuneka bafunde kwiminyaka. Umzekelo ocacileyo likhowa awayeliphethe umama uÖtzi ebhegini yakhe xa wayebanda.
Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuthi amakhowa kunye nabantu banobudlelwane obudala kakhulu apho abo bamva baye banandipha inzuzo yamakhowa (ukutya, unyango, njl.). Kodwa baye babandezeleka ngeyona nxalenye imbi yezi, oko kukuthi, ityhefu, iingxaki zetyhefu okanye kwanokufa.
Ubusazi na ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwamakhowa nabantu babundala kangaka?