Uyini umfern futhi yiziphi izici zawo?

Lesi sitshalo esisibiza ngokuthi fern Ingesinye sezidala kakhulu ezikhona namuhla, kangangoba babelana insimu ngesinye sezilwane ezinamandla kakhulu uMhlaba owake wazibona: ama-dinosaurs. Ngenhlanhla yethu, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zanyamalala ezigidini zeminyaka eyedlule, kepha ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwe-protagonist yethu, namuhla singajabulela ubuhle bazo engadini, ithala ngisho nakwezinye izimo ngaphakathi endlini zinikeza ukunakekelwa okudingekayo.

Njengokungathi lokho bekunganele, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ze-fern: ezinye zincane, kepha ezinye zithatha ukuma kwesihlahla. Yini enye, Ubuhle bazo bukhulu kangangokuba banele ukubabeka ekhoneni, noma busakazeke kahle endaweni ukuze ithole ukuthinta okuthile okushisayo.

Uyini umsuka wefern?

I-fern njengoba siyazi namuhla yaqala ukuvela kwayo eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 edlule, ngesikhathi seCarboniferous. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazwekazi ayesevele eqala ukuhlukanisa ukubonga ngokuhamba kwamapuleti ama-tectonic, kangangoba lawo ayesenyakatho nawaseningizimu ahlukaniswa kahle. Bonke babehlanganiswe iphuzu elilodwa; nokho, labo abasenyakatho banikezwa igama elithi Laurasia nalabo abaseningizimu yeGondwana. Hhayi-ke, umlingisi wethu omkhulu wayevela eningizimu, eGondwana.

Impilo Emhlabeni yaqala ukwanda, futhi isimo sezulu sasisihle kakhulu. Amazinga okushisa afudumele, akukho sithwathwa endaweni eningi. Oshaka bokuqala baqala ukuvela olwandle, abatholakala namakhorali, ayesekhona ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngokuqondene nobuso bomhlaba, ukube sasikhona lapho ngabe sabona izihlahla zakudala, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zokuqala, futhi-ke namahlathi okuqala ayezogcina ekhonjwe ikakhulukazi yizitshalo ze-fern.

Uyini umfern futhi yiziphi izici zawo?

UFern kuyisitshalo semithambo, okungukuthi, sinomsuka, isiqu namaqabunga lokho sikubiza ngokuthi amaflond noma amafondini nangaphakathi kochungechunge lwemikhumbi noma imijikelezo okuzungeza ngayo ubisi. Uhlelo lwayo lwempande lufeza umsebenzi wokumunca izakhamzimba nomswakama womhlabathi, othuthwa yisiqu nge lezwabantu lokho kungaphakathi ngisho namaqabunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ezitholakala emaqabungeni ngesikhathi se- i-photosynthesis, zithwalwa nge-phloem ziye ezimpandeni.

Imvamisa ihlala etindzaweni letishisako nasethempelini, ngaphansi kwemthunzi wetihlahla kanye naletinye titjalo letinkhulu, nasezindaweni lapho umswakama uphezulu khona. Kunezinhlobo ezithile ezimelana nesithwathwa esibuthakathaka, njenge I-Balantium antarcticum Ibambelela kahle ku -4ºC, kepha iningi lizwela kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi.

Ziyini izingxenye zayo?

Izingxenye zesitshalo se-fern zimi kanje:

• Amafreyimu noma amaqabunga: baphethe i-photosynthesis.
• I-Soros: yizakhiwo ezitholakala ngaphansi kwamacembe, futhi ngenxa yokuthi amafern angaphindaphindeka ngezinhlamvu.
  Kuzo sithola ama-sporangia, angabakhiqizi bezinhlamvu. Lezi zilingana nembewu.
• Rachis: ilapho kuvela khona amahlumela.
• Isiqu: kungaba ezinwabuzelayo, zikhule ziqonde noma ngaphansi kancane komhlaba (ngaphansi komhlaba).
• AmaRhizomes: iziqu ezingaphansi komhlaba.
• Ifa: ihlumela kusuka ku-rhizome. Mancane futhi akha phezulu, futhi anesibopho sokumunca izakhi zomzimba ukuze zithwalwe ziyiswe emaqabungeni, lapho kuzokhiqizwa khona isobho elinabile elizondla sonke isitshalo.
• Izibuko eziqhubayo: zitholakala ngaphakathi kwengxenye ngayinye yefern. Ukudla okusatshalaliswa yisitshalo kuzungeza ngabo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-fern ezikhona?

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamafern, yize ekuqaleni zingabonakala zifana. Kepha cishe, zingahlukaniswa ngosayizi wazo:

Amaferns amancane, uhlobo luyabulala

Yibo abaziwa kakhulu ezingadini nasemakhaya, futhi ngesizathu esizwakalayo: amahlumela abo (amaqabunga) yize evame ukuba made, uhlelo lwempande alungeni. Eqinisweni, ziyizitshalo ezingadingi isikhala esiningi ukuze zikhule. Zingafinyelela kubude obungu-40, mhlawumbe amasentimitha angama-70, kodwa uma ufuna ukuzifaka ebhodweni ungaphumula kalula ngoba zihlala kahle ezitsheni.

Lapha unokukhetha:

Ifern ejwayelekile

El i-fern ejwayelekile, esibizwa nangokuthi ukhozi fern, isitshalo esinegama lesayensi I-Pteridium aquilinum. Amafreyimu alo noma amaqabunga awo aluhlaza okotshani, angonxantathu noma angama-quad-pinnate, futhi anobude obufinyelela kumamitha amabili.

Kuyisitshalo esithakazelisa kakhulu sezimbiza nezingadi, njalo ezindaweni ezivikelwe elangeni.

I-Java fern

El iJava fern ngu-fern wasemanzini ogama lakhe lesayensi lingu I-Microsorum pteropus. Ikhula ibe ukuphakama kwamasentimitha angama-35, futhi ithuthukisa amaqabunga alula, aluhlaza okotshani kanye ne-lanceolate.

Isetshenziswa kakhulu emanzini afudumele amanzi, ngamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-18 no-30ºC kanye ne-pH phakathi kuka-5 no-8.

Inkemba fern

I-sword fern, ogama layo lesayensi ngu I-Nephrolepis exaltata, isitshalo ukuthi ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamasentimitha angama-40-45 ubude. Amaqabunga awo aluhlaza, futhi kakhulu, maningi kakhulu. Ikhule kabanzi endlini, yize ibukeka kahle nasendaweni evikelekile engadini.

Kudinga umthunzi, nesimo sezulu esincane ukuze siphile. Endaweni evikelekile, ngaphakathi kanye / noma ezungezwe izitshalo, ingamelana namakhaza abanda nabuthakathaka aze afike ku-2ºC.

I-fern yesilisa

El i-fern yesilisa, ogama lakhe lesayensi ngu I-Dryopteris affinis, isitshalo ukuthi ikhiqiza amafleksi (amaqabunga) aze afike kwimitha ubude. Lezi zinombala oluhlaza okotshani, futhi zinokubukeka okuqinile kune i-fern yesifazane aziwa ngegama lesayensi noma lezitshalo I-Athyrium filix-femina.

Ikhuliswa kabanzi ezingadini, noma kunjalo futhi enkulu ebhodweni ukuhlobisa i-patio noma ithala. Udinga ukuvikelwa elangeni nokunisela okulingene.

ISumatra fern

El ISumatra fern isitshalo esinegama lesayensi I-Ceratopteris thalictroides. Ikhula ibe ubude obungu-100 cm, futhi amaqabunga awo aluhlaza.

Kungaba nakho kokubili kuma-aquariums ngamanzi ane-acidic noma i-alkaline (pH phakathi kuka-5 no-9), noma ezimbizeni noma engadini ethola ukuchelelwa njalo.

Amaferns amakhulu noma ama-arboreal

Yibo labo abathola isiqu esikhulu, esibizwa ngokungafanele ngokuthi yisiqu, ngoba empeleni siyirhizome emile eyaziwa njengesiqu. Zingafinyelela ukuphakama okungaphezu kwemitha elilodwa, kepha njengama-ferns amancane, lawa angatshalwa nasemabhodweni. Ngokusobala, lezi ziqukathi kufanele zibe nkulu kunalokho uma bezisetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo ezincane, kepha ngaphandle kokubhekela lokhu, impela ngeke kube nzima kuwe ukuthola ingadi noma ithala elimangalisayo.

Lapha unokukhetha:

Isihlahla se-fern sase-Australia

El isihlahla sase-australia sase-fern, ogama lakhe lesayensi ngu ICyathea cooperi, ngumuthi wezihlahla ukuthi ifinyelela ukuphakama okungafika kumamitha amabili, nesiqu esingu-30cm. Amaqabunga noma amaqabunga awo aluhlaza futhi angalinganisa phakathi kwamamitha amane kuya kwangu-4 ubude.

Ikhuliswa ezimbizeni nasezivandeni, lapho kutholakala khona ukukhanya okuvikelekile elangeni eliqondile, futhi uyinisela njalo.

I-Blecno

I-blecno, igama layo lesayensi okungu I-Blechnum gibbum, isitshalo somuthi ukuthi ifinyelela ubude obufinyelela kumitha elilodwa nesiqu esifinyelela ku-20cm. Amafreyimu alo made, aze afike kumamitha amathathu no-3.

Ikhula enhlabathini evundile nenomswakama (kodwa hhayi ngokweqile), evikelekile njalo elangeni.

UDicksonia

La i-dicksonia, ogama lakhe lesayensi likhona manje I-Balantium antarcticum yize isaziwa njenge UDicksonia antarctica, ngumfern ukuthi ingafinyelela ubude bamamitha angama-15. Amahlumela awo noma amaqabunga aphakathi kwamamitha amabili kuya kwayisithupha ubude, kanti nesiqu sawo sihlala sizacile, sino-2 cm ubukhulu.

I-fern edingeka kakhulu ezingadini ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, lapho ikhule khona ezindaweni ezinomthunzi futhi ezinomswakama.

Isihlahla somuthi omubi

Umuthi wesihlahla onolaka, ogama lakhe ngokwesayensi ICyathea australis, isitshalo ukuthi ingafinyelela ubude obufinyelela kumamitha amathathu, ngogqinsi lwesiqu cishe esingu-30cm. Amaflekhi amade, amamitha ayi-4 kuye kwayi-6, ingaphezulu linombala oluhlaza okotshani futhi ingaphansi lincane.

It is itshalwe ezingadini nasemabhodweni, nenhlabathi noma iziqhekeza ezicebile ngezinto eziphilayo futhi kukhishwe kahle.

Yini ukunakekelwa kwama-fern?

Amaferns yizitshalo ezidinga isimo sezulu esincane, umthunzi nomswakama ophezulu. Ngalesi sizathu, azitholakali ezingwadule noma ema-savanna, kepha ngenxa yalesi sizathu ziyathakazelisa nokuthi zikhulele ezindlini. Ngakho-ke uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi isitshalo se-fern sinakekelwa kanjani, sizokuchazela sona:

Indawo

• Ingaphakathi- I-fern ingagcinwa egumbini lapho kunokukhanya khona, kude nezinhlaka. Yize kuyisitshalo somthunzi, ngaphakathi kwendlu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kube nokukhanya okuningi lapho kuzoba khona, ngoba ukube bebegcinwe egumbini elimnyama bekungeke kusinde.
• yangaphandle: uma izogcinwa ngaphandle, lapho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthola ikhoneni elivikelwe elangeni, ngoba ukube belivezwe ngqo yilanga, belizoshisa.

Inhlabathi noma i-substrate

• Isibindi: inhlabathi engadini kufanele icebe ngezinto eziphilayo, ivuleke futhi ikhishwe kahle ukuze izimpande zingagcwali.
• Imbiza yezimbali: uma kwenzeka uyikhulisa eyodwa, kufanele itshalwe nge-substrate elula futhi ecebile. Isibonelo, kunconywa kakhulu ukuxuba i-60% mulch (ukuthengisa lapha) nge-30% perlite (iyathengiswa lapha) kanye no-10% wokukhishwa kwesibungu. Ngakho-ke, izokhula kahle.

Ukunisela kanye nomswakama

Lapho unisela isitshalo se-fern, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi asisekeli isomiso kepha futhi asinamanzi amaningi emhlabathini. Ngalesi sizathu, kufanele iniselwe ngezikhathi ezithile, ivumele i-substrate ukuthi yome kancane - ingaze iphele ngokuphelele - ngaphambi kokuyifaka kabusha. Uma kwenzeka ungabaza, Khumbula ukuthi ehlobo kuvame ukuniselwa cishe izikhathi ezi-2 noma ezi-3 ngesonto, ngenkathi ngezikhathi ezibandayo noma ezipholile kuniselwa kancane, futhi amanzi emvula noma amanzi angenalimu kufanele asetshenziswe njalo.

Uma sikhuluma ngomswakama, uma uhlala endaweni lapho imvelo yomile noma unayo ngaphakathi, kufanele uyifafaze noma uyifafaze ngamanzi kanye ngosuku entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Ukuphela konyaka angikukhuthazi, ngoba njengoba isitshalo sikhula kanzima kunengozi enkulu yokutheleleka.

Noma kunjalo, kufanele wazi ukuthi ezinye izinto zingenziwa ukwandisa umswakama. Isibonelo: faka iziqukathi ezinamanzi azungeze i-fern, noma faka ezinye izitshalo noma i-humidifier eduze kwaso.

Umbhalisile

Njengoba udinga izakhamzimba, kumele ikhokhwe ngenkathi ikhula. Ngakho-ke, singasebenzisa umanyolo ofana nesinye sezitshalo eziluhlaza, noma omanyolo bemvelo njenge-guano, umquba noma imbotshana.

Vele, landela imiyalo yokusetshenziswa ukuze kungabikho zinkinga ezivela. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi uma kufakwa imithamo eminingi kunesidingo, umgadla uzoba nomonakalo ongalungiseki, njengokufa kwezimpande.

Ukufakelwa

Ukufakelwa kabusha kwenziwa entwasahlobo. Ukwazi ukuthi ngabe ifern yethu idinga isikhala esithe xaxa, kuzofanele sibheke okulandelayo:

• Imisuka ikhula iphuma ezimbotsheni ezisembizeni.
• Izimpande kungenzeka zingakhuli, kepha isitshalo kungabonakala ukuthi sithathe yonke indawo etholakalayo.
• Uhlale kuwo iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili.
• Akukho ukukhula okubonwe isikhathi eside (izinyanga).

Uma kwenzeka elinye lalawa macala, noma amaningi, kuzodingeka ukuthi silishuthele ebhodweni elikhudlwana noma, uma sifuna futhi isimo sezulu silungile, siye ensimini.

Ungathena kanjani amafern?

Kuthenwa amafern iqukethe kuphela ukususa amaqabunga omile, kanye nalabo abagulayo. Lokhu kungenziwa unyaka wonke, yize kungcono ukukwenza entwasahlobo. Sizosebenzisa isikelo sasekhaya esasinegciwane.

Izinambuzane zikaFern

Kunezinambuzane eziningi ezivamile kulezi zitshalo, futhi zikhona ama-mealybugs, ama-thrips, ama-aphid nama-nematode amaqabunga. Zonke zidla ubumuncu bamaqabunga, kepha ngenhlanhla zingasuswa ngensipho namanzi, noma nge umhlaba omnandi.

Izifo

Izifo okungenzeka banazo yilezi I-Anthracnose, iBotrytis nePythium. Zontathu lezi zidalwa yisikhunta, esidala izindawo ezinsundu noma ezimpunga ezinobukhulu obuhlukile nobubunjwa ukuthi buvele emaqabungeni abo. Ungabaphatha ngamafungicides (ayathengiswa Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.).

Isibindi

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamafern ahlala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ukuqina kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo oluthile kolunye. Ngokuvamile, yizitshalo ezingamelani nesithwathwa, nokuthi kumele babe sezindaweni lapho isimo sezulu singesihle unyaka wonke.

Manje, kukhona ezinye ezisekela isithwathwa, ezinjengalezi:

• ICyrtomium falcatum: yifern encane, cishe amasentimitha angama-40, esekela amakhaza abuthakathaka aze afike ku - 4 -C.
• I-Deparia japonica: i-fern enhle enqabayo ephikisana no -20ºC.
• I-Pteris cretica 'I-Eco Hardy Giant': Kungu-fern osekela kuze kufike ku -4ºC.

Ucabangani ngabakwa-fern? Unayo?