Ishubhu melanosporum Kungahle kungabi yigama elijwayeleke kakhulu kwabaningi, kepha uma sisho igama elidume kakhulu lalesi sibiliboco esimele i- i-truffle emnyamaImpela ukunambitheka namaphunga amnandi kuza enkumbulweni yakho yokunambitha uma uke wakuthokozela ukunambitha futhi uma kungenjalo, leli gama ngokuqinisekile lizojwayeleka kuwe.
Iqiniso yilokho ama-truffle amnyama azungezwe imfihlakalo ethile Lokhu kungaxhunyaniswa nobunzima bokuzithola, ngenxa yentengo leyo kwabaningi evame ukuphakama futhi nangenxa yezici zabo ezifana nokunambitheka nephunga.
Izici ze-truffle emnyama
Ama-truffle angomndeni wakwaTuberaceae, uhlobo lweTuber futhi wehlukile kumakhowe ngoba izinhlamvu zawo zitholakala engxenyeni engaphakathi ye-asci. Lawa amakhowe akhula ngaphansi komhlaba noma i-hypogea futhi omnyama ikakhulukazi ungomunye wezinto ezithandwa kakhulu ekukhulumeni kokudla.
Inesimo sesigaxa esiyindilinga kancane, sikala phakathi kwamasentimitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-6 futhi sinesisindo esingaphezu kwama-gramu angama-200. I- Ishubhu melanosporum livela ku- imibala ehlukahlukene ngokuya kwenkathi yonyakaNgale ndlela entwasahlobo umbala uphakathi kokubomvu nokububende ngenkathi ngosayizi awukhudlwana kune-hazelnut, ngoba ehlobo uthola umbala onsundu futhi ube mkhulu kancane.
Ukuvuthwa kwalesi sikhunta kuqala ekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi bese kuthi ngaleso sikhathi kutholakale ithoni ecishe ibe nsundu nsundu namabala aphuzi ngokubomvu njengokugqwala futhi kuyashintsha kuze kube mnyama ngokuphelele. Isikhumba simbi kakhulu ekubunjweni ngenxa yethrunk - amasumpa e-pyramidal amboza yonke indawo, ehlukanisa ikhala ngobuso obungu-4 noma obungu-6.
Uma sikhuluma ngenyama noma eyaziwa kangcono njenge-gleba, lokhu kungukuqina okuqinile lapho kusencane, umbala wayo umhlophe, kepha lokhu njengoba kuvuthwa iqala iba mpunga ekugcineni umbala wayo uphenduke ube mnyama onsundu, okukhombisa ukuthi sekuvuthiwe.
Indawo yokuhlala Ishubhu melanosporum
Ikhula kanye nesihlahla esisingethe futhi ithanda inhlabathi ekhanywa kahleNgakho-ke, ubumba, okhululekile futhi obungajulile buphelele. I-mycelium of the fungus ibophezela esihlahleni esingathile ngendlela yokondla kuso.
I-truffle emnyama, efana ne- i-truffle emhlopheIkhula ngokuzenzekelayo e-Italy, ePortugal, eFrance, eBulgaria, eYugoslavia, eSpain, eJalimane, eHungary naseSwitzerland, kodwa ngenxa yenani layo lokuhweba iyalinywa naseSpain, e-Italy, eMorocco nakwamanye.
Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Black truffle
Lapho i-spore ikhishwa yi-ascus, i-truffle iqala inqubo yayo yokuthuthuka, lesi siphundu sihluma sinikeze indlela yokwakheka kwe-mycelium ye-fungus ebonakala ngesimo semicu emihle kakhulu ehlelwe enhlabathini. Lezi zihlangana nolayini bezinye izinhlamvu bese zakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-mycorrhiza, okuyisitho esivumela ukushintshana phakathi kwenhlabathi, ukhunta nesihlahla sokubungaza.
I-Mycorrhiza ihlanganisa izimpande endaweni yazo esebenzayo futhi iphindaphindeka ngengxenye enhle yazo ngasikhathi sinye lapho i-mycelium ikhula enhlabathini. Uhlobo lokusha lubonakala ebusweni bale ndawo futhi lubangela ukuthi i-mycorrhizae ikhule. Uma kamuva kunikezwa izimo ezifanele, ukuthela kwe-truffle noma ukukhiqizwa kwe- Ishubhu melanosporum kuzokwenzeka.
Inani le-Gastronomic le-truffle emnyama
Ngempela i- black truffle ebusika (phakathi kokunye izitshalo truffle) inenani eliphakeme le-gastronomy, eqala ngamakha ayo amakhulu aziswa kakhulu e-haute cuisine. Ukubukeka okungakhangi kwe-truffle emnyama kuncane kakhulu kwazise ukunambitheka nephunga lakho kuyidlula kude le mininingwane, ngoba ihlukile kulolu hlobo lwamakhowe, okwenza yaziwe kakhulu kunawo wonke amakhowe adliwayo.
Le truffle isetshenziswa ikakhulu njengesinongo, empeleni inqubo yokuyifaka kulezi lapho ipheka ibizwa nge- "truffle". Kunzima ukuthola ngakho-ke zithengiswa ngamanani aphezulu afanele imiphumela etholakala ekudleni.
Ukuqoqwa kwama-truffle kudinga ulwazi oluthile olwedlula ukuqonda isikhunta esiyigugu, ukuqala kuyadingeka ukwenza izitsha ezikhethekile njengoba kunjalo imimese truffle. Le ngcebo ifihlwe ngaphansi komthunzi wamantongomane, ama-oki kanye ne-truffle oki exhunywe kuyo. Ukuze ufinyelele kuzo, kudingeka inja eqeqeshwe kahle, yize izingulube zisetshenziselwa le njongo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kuzokuholela kulawa makhowe aphezulu ikhubazeke ngokuphelele, inokhahlo futhi imnyama ngombala ingcwatshwe emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi leyo egandayiwe. Lapho inja ye-truffle imaka, kulapho uma umba uzungeze khona usebenzisa ummese okhethekile wayo futhi okani layo elingunxantathu, uze ulikhiphe.
Ngemuva kokukhipha, uqhubeka ngokumboza isikhala ngokucophelela ngenhlabathi efanayo, uma kunokwenzeka engeza okuthile okuphilayo okuzungezile. Isikhathi esifanelekile sokuziqoqa ebusika ngoba kulapho zifinyelela ekuvuthweni kwazo kanye namandla anephunga nokunambitheka.
I-symbiosis yalesi sikhunta se-hypogeal nenhlabathi kanye nomuthi ophethe umlingiswa we-mycorrhizal wenza ukusebenzisana okuthakazelisa kakhulu lapho ama-truffle anikela ngamaminerali ezimpandeni zesihlahla ngenkathi ezondla ngazo.
Yini abayibiza ngama-truffle ashile?
Ukuze kube nezimo ezithandekayo kanye nokuhlangana kwe-mycorrhizal, kufanele kube khona ama-oki enyongo, ama-oki e-holm y kermes kuhlangene nomhlaba wamatshe kanye nezimo ezithile zezulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke lezi zinto kudala impande ukwehluka morphological, okwenza umthelela we-phytotoxic engxenyeni enhle yemifino engapheli neyonyaka ekhona emvelweni womgcini, khona endaweni lapho kuvunwa khona ama-truffle amnyama.
Yilo mphumela wokubulala ukhula owaziwa ngokuthi yi-truffle burn futhi kubonakala sengathi uyingxenye yohlobo lwecebo le i-tuber melanosporum, esebenzisa ngalo ukuvimbela ezinye izitshalo ekuncintisaneni nayo.
Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule i-truffle yenzeke ngokwemvelo ezifundazweni ezimbalwa zaseSpain, noma kunjalo sekushintshe kangakanani, kusukela kukhona amasimu ezifundazweni eziningi futhi iningi lalabo abamakethwa njengamanje livela eSpain.
Iqiniso ukuthi phakathi kwe- i-truffle emnyama yasendle nokuthi okokulima kunomehluko omncane kakhulu, inqobo nje uma izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwensimu yama-truffle zinikezwe ngendlela efanele. Uma ufuna ukuthola ifayela le- i-tuber melanosporum iyiqiniso nephuzu layo elilungile lokuvuthwa, sincoma ukuthi uye ezitolo ezikhethekile kulolu hlobo lwamakhowe.