Izitshalo, njengezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, zinemvelo enamandla kakhulu okusinda eziholela ekutheni zivumelane, ngangokunokwenzeka, nezinguquko ezivela eminyakeni eyikhulu nezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Abantu bethu, nathi, banesidingo sokulebula izinto, ngoba lokhu kusisiza ukuba siziqonde kangcono. Yingakho e-botany kunamagama athile abhekise ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezithile, ezinye esezihlale endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu yilelo lendemism, noma ukucacisa, plant endemism. Lelo gama likhuluma ngezihlahla, izihlahlana, ... ngamafuphi, zezitshalo ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle nendawo ethile eziqhubeka kuyo. Kodwa namuhla yibona futhi abasengozini yokuqothulwa.
Iyini incazelo ye-endemism?
Ukuphela kuyisilwane noma isitshalo esihlala kuphela endaweni ethile yomhlaba: isibonelo IDracaena draco yisimo seMacaronesia, i- IPhoenix canariensis ngumuthi wesundu ojwayelekile waseCanary Islands, njalonjalo.
Ngokuvamile, umqondo we-endemism usebenza ezinhlotsheni, kepha futhi ungasetshenziselwa ama-subspecies, genera kanye nemindeni yonke. Lokhu kuzoya ngemvelaphi yesilwane noma isitshalo ngasinye esifundwayo, nokuthi sitholakale kwezinye izindawo eziseduze, okuthile okungaholela ekutheni kube nezinguquko ezithile ukufeza ukuzivumelanisa okungcono.
Kungani kune-endemism? Uyini umsuka walezi?
Ukuphendula lowo mbuzo kufanele siye ezweni le-geology. Iplanethi enguMhlaba iyiplanethi ephilayo, eshintsha njalo. Yini enye, Singasho ukuthi yindida enkulu, enezicucu ezishayisanayo zakha izintaba, noma zingena ngaphansi kwezinye zandisa izilwandle.. Lezi zingcezu zaziwa ngegama lamapuleti etektoni.
Lokhu kuhamba, njengoba ngisho, kwenzeka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuhamba kancane kakhulu ukuthi izidalwa eziphilayo zivame ukuba nezinkulungwane zeminyaka ukujwayela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ngaphandle uma kucacile ukuthi kwenzeka okuthile okuyinhlekelele kwemvelo okuphoqa ukuthi impilo iqale phansi, njengoba kwenzeka ngemuva kwesibhakabhaka esiholele ekuqothulweni kweya kuma-75% izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, phakathi kwazo bekukhona izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwa nguMhlaba: ama-dinosaurs.
Ngemuva komcimbi onjalo, isimo sezulu eMhlabeni sishintsha kakhulu. Kungafudumala noma kubanda, kungenza kube manzi noma kome kwezinye izindawo. Y wonke amakhona, yonke indawo, yonke intaba noma ichibi, njll., yakha okwayo i-biome noma i-bioclimatic landscape, lapho kuhlala khona izitshalo nezilwane ezithile ezijwayele lezi zimo, kepha ezingasekho, yingakho zisengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa.
Kunzima ukwazi-ke ukuthi imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Kepha uma besifuna ukuyithola, kuzofanele sihlaziye i-DNA yezitshalo futhi sifunde nokhokho babo. Kungasiza futhi ukuthola izinsalela, ngoba kubo ungafunda okuningi ngesimo sezulu esasikhona eMhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi. Lona ngumsebenzi wezazi ze-botanists kanye ne-paleobotanists.
Thina, njengabathandi bezitshalo nezingadi, sizogcina ukuthi i-endemism yizinhlobo zezilwane ebezisendaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside, nokuthi ayitholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezidalwa ezikhona?
Kunezinhlobo eziningana:
- Laphoendemic: yi-taxa (okungukuthi, izinhlobo, ama-subspecies, noma uhlobo) ezithathwe kwabanye.
- Ama-Cryptoendemisms: bangama-taxa angakabi nagama, kepha lokho kungaba ngabaqokelwa okuhle abangachazwa njengabavamile.
- AmaSchizoendemisms: yilezo zinhlobo ebezilokhu zivela njengoba indawo ihlukanisiwe, ithola ukuzala futhi ngaleyo ndlela idale izinhlobo ezintsha, ezinofuzo olufanayo.
- Ama-Paleoendemisms: kuyinhlobo enezici zofuzo nezokuziphatha ezakha amaqembu azimele futhi azimele.
- Uxhaso: ziyizinhlobo ezinezakhi zofuzo ezihluke kakhulu kunalezo zabazali bazo, futhi ezinokujwayela kangcono imvelo kuze kube sezingeni lokuthi zikwazi ukwenza amakoloni izindawo ezinkulu.
Izibonelo zezitshalo eziseSpain
Singazithola izitshalo ezikhona ezindaweni zonke zomhlaba, yize iziqhingi, ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwazo, kulapho amaphesenti aphezulu agxilwe khona. Isibonelo, i-Australia ilinganiselwa ukuthi iyikhaya lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-34 (izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili zemithambo yegazi nezinkulungwane eziyishumi nane zezinhlobo ezingezona ezemithambo yegazi), phakathi kwazo okukhona i-Acanthocarpus, i-Archontophoenix, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo I-Brachychiton (munye kuphela oqhamuka eNew Guinea, kwabangu-31 kukhona).
Yize ukwazi ukuphela komhlaba kungathakazelisa, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yini esinayo "ekhaya". Ukuze Ake sibheke ukuthi iziphi ezinye zezimo zokuphefumula zaseSpain esinazo:
I-Arenaria nevadensis
Isithombe - UJunta de Andalucía
La I-Arenaria nevadensis umuthi womjikelezo waminyaka yonke wokuthi ifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-9 ukuphakama. Iziqu zayo zikhula ziqonde ngqo, futhi inamaqabunga amancane aze afike kumamilimitha ayi-9 x 4. Izimbali zayo zivela ziqoqwe ngama-corymbs futhi zimhlophe.
Ikhula eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, ikakhulukazi emahlathini lapho isimo sezulu siyiMedithera. Kusengozini yokuqothulwa ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala.
I-Paeonia broteri
Isithombe - Wikimedia / A. Indawo yokuphuzela utshwala
La I-Paeonia broteri kuyisitshalo ikhula ibe ngamasentimitha angama-70 ubude, kutfutfukiswa siqu lesicwebezela lapho kuvela khona emacembe laluhlata lokhanyako. Izimbali zayo zinkulu futhi zodwa, zibomvu ngombala.
Kugcwele iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ikakhulukazi emahlathini, ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni ezinezintaba.
IPhoenix canariensis
La IPhoenix canariensis, noma i-Canary Island palm, iyinhlobo yezinhlobo ezivamile zeCanary Islands. Yakha isiqu esisodwa esijiyile esinamaqabunga aphinyiwe ngamamitha ayi-5 kuya kwangu-7 ubude. Ingafinyelela ukuphakama okuphelele kwamamitha ayi-13.
Kuyinhlobo elinywa kabanzi ezingadini, ngenxa yobuhle bayo nokuba rusticity, njengoba imelana nesithwathwa kuze kufike ku -7ºC.
Uyazi ezinye izidalwa zemifino eSpain?