Yini uhlaza?

Nomaphi lapho uya khona uzothola izindawo ezingakushiya umangele. Noma kusehlathini elishisayo, ehlathini elipholile noma ehlane, izitshalo ezikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zindawo zisho ukuthi, namuhla, iplanethi esihlala kuyo inezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane.

Lezi zidalwa eziphilayo bezilokhu ziguqukela isikhathi eside kangangoba kuze kuthiwe ngabo bangababusi bangempela boMhlaba, ngoba ngenxa yobudlelwano abasungule nezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, ama-microorganism, ngisho nezilwane ezincelisayo phakathi umuntu, ukwazile ukwenza ikoloni cishe noma yiliphi ikhoneni, lapho ngalinye linezimila zalo.

Ziyini ngempela izimila?

Imifino yigama elibhekisela kulo iqoqo lezitshalo ezikhula zasendle emhlabathini noma endaweni yasemanzini njengexhaphozi noma umfula. Lezi zitshalo zingaba zasendle, kepha futhi zibandakanya lezo ezilinywe ngabantu nokuthi, ngasizathu simbe, zikwazile ukuba zasendle.

Yini i-flora nezimila?

Womabili la magama angadideka, ngoba ahlobene eduze. Kepha kubalulekile ukuwahlukanisa:

• Flora Kuyisethi yezitshalo esisithola ezweni elithile.
• Izimila: Isembozo semifino esikhona endaweni lapho isimo sezulu sifana noma sifana kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zemifino

Zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo zincike kwisimo sezulu ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala, zikhule futhi ekugcineni, zihlale endaweni. Ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimila, okuyilezi:

Ugwadule olubandayo nolusendaweni emhlophe

Yizindawo lapho kuqoshwe khona imvula ngaphansi kuka-250mm ngonyaka, futhi lapho inyanga efudumele kakhulu inezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-10ºC.. Izitshalo esizithola lapha zincane, futhi kaningi zithatha ukwakheka okuyindilinga, njenge-carnation yase-Antarctic (Colobanthus leavingensisnoma utshani base-Antarctic (I-Deschampsia antarctica).

I-Tundra

NgesiRashiya, i-tundra isho ukuthi “ithafa elingenazo izihlahla”, futhi ngukuthi kula mazwe ayizicaba okuwukuphela kwezinto ezimilayo utshani, ubulembu nobulembu. Izimo azimbi kangako njengasehlane eliqandisiwe, kepha namanje Amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu abhalisiwe (kungaba -70ºC ebusika) futhi phakathi kuka-150 no-250mm wemvula wehla ngonyaka.

ehlathini

Kule biome siqala ukubona ama-conifers, okuyizona ezimelana kangcono namazinga okushisa apholile, kanye nezihlahla ezinjenge-elms, ama-oki noma amamephu athile ngaseningizimu.

Cishe imvula engama-450mm yehla ngonyaka, futhi amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-19ºC ehlobo kanti -30ºC ebusika.

Ihlathi elipholile elishubile

Kuleli hlathi sizobona izihlahla ezinamakhasi amaningi, njenge-beech (UFagus), noma izihlahla ze-elm (Ulmus), kusukela ebusika amazinga okushisa angahle aye ku -20ºC ngisho nangaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, womabili amazinga okushisa aphansi onyakeni wonke kanye nemvula, eningi futhi ewela ngendlela esatshalaliswe kahle, iba nomthelela ekukhuleni kwabo ngaphandle kwezinkinga izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Izintaba ezipholile

Lapha sizobona indawo engenazihlahla futhi. Isimo sezulu sidluleleKokubili kungashisa kakhulu (40ºC noma ngaphezulu) futhi kwehle kuye ku -15ºC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lina kancane, cishe ngama-250mm ngonyaka, ngakho-ke kuphela izitshalo ezijwayele ukujwayela ezihlala, njengotshani obuningi namakhambi anamakha.

Ihlathi lemvula elingaphansi komhlaba

Yizindawo lapho imvula inkulu kakhulu, ngesilinganiso esiphakathi kuka-1000 kuya ku-2000mm, futhi uma sikhuluma ngamazinga okushisa, awavamisile ukwehla ngaphansi kuka-16ºC phakathi nobusika., futhi ayivuki ngaphezu kwe-31ºC ehlobo. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo eziningi zizizwa zikhululekile lapha: isundu labahambi (URavenala madagascariensis), imithi eminingi yesundu efana ne- I-dypsis lutescens noma isihlahla sikakhukhunathiICocos nucifera), njll.

Izimila zaseMedithera

Noma ihlathi laseMedithera. Izitshalo zibonakala ngokumelana kakhulu nesomiso namazinga okushisa aphezulu asondele ku-40ºC, njengesihlahla se-carob (ICeratonia siliqua), noma umuthi womnqumo (Olea Europe). Lina kancane, empeleni alivamisile ukubhalisa ngaphezu kwama-500mm ngonyaka (noma kunezindawo okurekhodwa kuzo i-1000mm), futhi lapho lawa manzi, enza njalo entwasahlobo nasekwindla; leyo ihlobo liba yisikhathi esifudumele nesomile.

Ihlathi leMonsoon

Luhlobo lwehlathi elishisayo lonyaka lapho kutholakala khona izitshalo eziluhlaza okotshani kanye nezihlahla eziluhlaza okotshani njalo. Kuyisimo sokweqisa, ngesizini enemvula eningi kakhulu evela emvuleni, nangesinye isikhathi lapho kungabi khona imvula. Noma kunjalo, imvula emaphakathi yonyaka icishe ibe ngu-2000mm. Awekho amakhaza abhalisiwe; Empeleni, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lingaphezu kuka-10ºC.

Ugwadule olungenamanzi

Azikho neze izitshalo lapha. Imvula yonyaka icishe ibe yi-100mm, futhi ingaphansi nangaphansi ezingwadule ezithile ezifana ne-Atacama ngokwesibonelo, lapho lina kuphela njalo eminyakeni eyi-15 noma ngaphezulu; kanti amazinga okushisa angadlula kahle ku-40ºC.

Isihlahlana se-Xerophytic

Izimo lapha zingconywana kunasehlane elomile. Amazinga okushisa angaba phezulu kakhulu, 40ºC noma ngaphezulu, kanti imvula ingaphansi kuka-200mm. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ama-cacti amaningi ahlala lapho, njenge I-Pachycereus pringlei.

I-steppe esomile

Luhlobo lwe-biome olunesimo sezulu sezwekazi esomile kuphakathi kuka-200 no-400mm wemvula kuqoshwa ngonyaka, kanti amazinga okushisa asukela ku-26ºC ehlobo kanye no -18ºC ebusika. Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezihlala kuyo, sine- umhlonyane (Artemisia), Festuca noma iStipa, phakathi kwabanye.

Ugwadule olungenamanzi

Kulezi zinhlobo zamahlane imvula eba phakathi kuka-500 no-800mm ngonyaka, kodwa izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile cishe lingu-18ºC ngenhla. Ngakho-ke, kujwayelekile ukubona izihlahlana nama-steppes, kanye nezitshalo eziningi ezinomsoco ezifanayo, ezifana ne-agave, i-Ferocactus noma i-peyote (Lophophora).

Indawo eyi-Herbaceous savanna

Bangamathafa ahlala izitshalo ezinomuthi. Kuyashisa kakhulu emini naphakathi nengxenye enhle yonyaka (40-45ºC esiphezulu) futhi isomiso singaba sikhulu kangangokuba cishe akukho sihlahla esingasinda kuwo.

I-savanna enokhuni

Luhlobo lwendawo eyi-savanna okurekhodwa amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu futhi angaphansi kuka-10ºC, kepha kuphi imvula icishe ibe ngu-100-200mm ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izihlahla ziyakhula, njenge-baobab (Adansonia).

Ihlathi elomile elingaphansi komhlaba

Izitshalo ezinjengeCarob yaseChileya zikhula kuyo (I-Prosopis chilensis) noma i-quebracho emhlophe (I-Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco). Imvula minyaka yonke iphakathi kuka-500 no-1000mm, kanti isilinganiso sonyaka samazinga okushisa siphakathi kuka-17 no-24ºC.

Ihlathi lemvula

Eyaziwa nangokuthi ihlathi elisenkabazwe noma ihlathi elishisayo elinomswakama, ngamazinga okushisa aphezulu angama-35ºC, ngesilinganiso esiphakathi kuka-25 no-27ºC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuthiwe lezi azishintshi unyaka wonke, okwenezela eqinisweni lokuthi imvula ngokuvamile iba ningi, i-1500mm ngonyaka, kusho ukuthi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezi-600 zezihlahla zingatholakala ehektheleni elilodwa nje. Ngokunjalo nemithi yesundu eminingi izalelwe kulezi zindawo, njenge-Euterpe ngisho neChimanedorea.

I-Alpine tundra

Yizindawo lapho izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lingaba ngu -70ºC, kanti amazinga okushisa aphezulu awavami ukufika kuma-20ºC.. Izitshalo ezimfushane zikhula lapha, njengeminyezane enwabuzelayo (I-salix iyabuya), noma i-arctic poppy (IPapaver radicatum).

Ihlathi laseMontane

Eyaziwa nangokuthi ihlathi lezintaba. Ngokuvamile ziyizindawo lapho ama-conifers agcwele khona, kanye nezihlahla ezinamakhanda, lapho izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu-8 kuye ku-15ºC.

Izimila zinayiphi indima emvelweni?

Izimila zibalulekile ukuze ezinye izidalwa zikwazi ukuphila futhi zikwenze kahle, kucatshangelwa izici nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngayinye. Ngakho-ke, ayinakho umsebenzi owodwa, kepha kunalokho inezinhlobo ezimbalwa.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu lokho sibonga lokhu, ukugeleza okuningi kwe-biogeochemical kuyalawulwa, njengalawo amanzi ebengekho ngaphandle kwethu akekho noyedwa lapha, noma ikhabhoni. Ngokunjalo, bangaguqula izici zenhlabathi, ngoba amaqabunga, izimbali, izithelo namagatsha awela phezu kwawo, lapho ebola, akhipha izakhamzimba ezisetshenziselwe ukuzenza.

Ekugcineni, bayisiphephelo sezilwane ezingenakubalwa kanye nezilwanyana ezincane, futhi imvamisa iba ngumthombo wazo wokudla. Abantu, ngokwesibonelo, badla izithelo zemithi eminingi, njengesihlahla se-apula, isihlahla samawolintshi, noma i-alimondi, futhi lokho akusho ukuthi siyazivikela elangeni ngaphansi kwamagatsha abo.

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