Isikhunta yizinto eziphilayo ezingatholakala cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni wethu. Kunezikhunta ezizuzisayo nezinye eziyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Lezi fungi zinezici ezizenza zibe ingxenye yokwehlukaniswa okukhethekile kwemibuso yemvelo. Bangabombuso woKhunta. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-144.000 ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imvubelo, isikhunta namakhowe. Phakathi kwe- Izici eziyinhloko zesikhunta sithole ukunganyakazi ngenxa yokuba nokudla okune-heterotrophic.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici eziyinhloko zesikhunta nokubaluleka kwazo ezingeni lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izici eziyinhloko zamakhowe
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zesikhunta ukuthi zonke zikhona babe namaseli anodonga lweseli olwenziwe nge-chitin. Lezi zidalwa eziphilayo zihlala ubude nobubanzi bomhlaba ezindaweni ezahlukene. Uma sikhuluma ngesikhunta, into ejwayelekile ukucabanga ngamakhowe anesigqoko esinamachashaza nomzimba omhlophe ohlangene. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile kuphela zesikhunta ezaziwayo ezinalezi zici.
Kuwo wonke amanani esikhunta akhona emhlabeni wethu, abantu bakwazile ukutadisha u-5% wabo kuphela. Ngale ndlela, njengoba kutholakala izinhlobo ezintsha, zihlukaniswa ukuze zithole umbono wokuthi yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zesikhunta. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinhlobo eziyizigidi eziyi-1.5 azikaziwa ngoba phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi isikhunta siwuhlobo lwesitshalo. Ngenxa yokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ibhayoloji njengesayensi ikwazile ukuhlukanisa lezi zidalwa eziphilayo nokwakha onqenqemeni oluhlukile lwezinto eziphilayo.
Origen
Abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo zaqala kanjani kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Bahlukana neminye imibuso cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane edlule. Yize behlukaniswe ngendaba eseceleni, basenezici ezithile ezifanayo nenkosi yezitshalo. Enye yalezi zici ukungabikho kwe-locomotion nohlobo lwezakhiwo zomzimba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inezici ezifana nomunye umbuso. Futhi yilokho inokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufana kakhulu nalokho kwabaphikisi.
Njengoba ziyizinto ze-eukaryotic ziyigatsha lesimanje lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukwakheka kwawo kwamaselula kufana kakhulu nokwesitshalo, kepha kunokuhluka okuphawulekayo. Kuye kwadingeka ukuhlukanisa ku-phyla yakho ehlukile ukuthi isikhunta asinayo i-chlorophyll. I-chlorophyll iyisici esiyisisekelo kulezo zitshalo ukuthi zikwazi ukuqhuba inqubo ye-photosynthesis futhi zizondle.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhowe
Amakhowe yizinto ezingenayo i-chlorophyll, ngakho-ke, azenzi i-photosynthesis, futhi akuzona izidalwa ezizimele. Zizalana ngezinhlamvu nangokobulili. Ngenxa yalezi fungi, abantu bakwazile ukwenza imvubelo, isinkwa, ubhiya, banikela ekubiliseni iwayini nasekukhiqizeni utshwala, izinhlobo ezithile zikashizi ...
Ziyasetshenziswa futhi emhlabeni wemithi, ngoba, ngokusetshenziswa kwalezi fungi, ama-penicillin okuqala adalwa akwazi ukuchitha amabhaktheriya abhekene nezifo ezibulalayo.
Amakhowe abonakala ngokusebenza njengokudla okunomsoco ngendlela eyamukelekayo kubantu, ngoba anezakhamzimba eziningi. Amakhowe zondla udoti wezinye izinto eziphilayo noma izinto eziphilayo uqobo, ngakho-ke, bacebile ngomsoco kithina.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Isikhunta sihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu ama-4 kuya ngohlobo lwazo kanye nezici zazo. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
- Ama-saprophyte: yilezo zinhlobo zesikhunta ezondla ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphila. Kungaba kokubili impilo yezilwane nempilo yezitshalo. Zingacacisa noma zingacacisi, ngakho-ke zingondla ngohlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo noma kunoma yiluphi jikelele. Ulwazi oluningi.
- I-Mycorrhizal: yilezo zikhunta ezakha ubudlelwano obukhethekile nezitshalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zingazuza ezimweni zamanje zemvelo. Bangazala ezimpandeni zabo futhi bashintshisane ngemisele yamaminerali namanzi njengezakhamzimba. Lezi zakhi zomzimba zenziwa isikhunta ngokushintshana ngama-carbohydrate namavithamini akhiqizwa yilesi sitshalo ngoba isikhunta asikwazi ukusihlanganisa, ngoba asenzi i-photosynthesize.
- Ilayisensi: ubulelesi yizinto eziphilayo ezikhulumisana lapho i-fungus ne-alga zihlangana khona. Kungaba futhi nge-cyanobacterium. Ubudlelwano obuseduze buyasungulwa futhi ngokubambisana bayakwazi ukuzihlinzeka ngomswakama nezakhamzimba ukukhiqiza izimo ezidingekayo zokwanda kwabo. Endabeni yokwehlukaniswa, bebengenakukwenza ngendlela efanayo. Ulwazi oluningi.
- Izimuncagazi: Yilezo zinhlobo zesikhunta ezikhula ngaphakathi emzimbeni wezinye izidalwa eziphilayo noma ezisungulwe ebusweni bazo. Ukuze izondle, isebenzisa izakhamzimba zesidalwa esiphilayo esisingatha lapha. Imvamisa kungadala ukulimala okuhlukahlukene ngesikhathi senqubo yokudla, okungaba mncane noma kubulale.
Imiphumela emibi
Kukhona nesikhunta esivele sibe yingozi kubantu, njengesibungu, inkwethu, unyawo lomsubathi, i-candidiasis, njll. Ukuthi ziyisikhunta esiguqula futhi silimaze umzimba wethu lapho sethulwa. Imvamisa zithinta abantu abanezivikelo eziphansi kakhulu.
Ukugwema lezi zinkinga zezempilo, kutholakale ukuthi isikhunta sikwazi ukubulala isikhunta esithathelwanayo nokubulala izinambuzane. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqeda izinambuzane eziyizikhunta ngokushesha okukhulu, ngoba imiphumela ingathathelana futhi ingangena kubantu abaphilayo futhi ibondle.
Ukondla o ukondleka kwesikhunta kungenxa yokumunca, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi awanawo ama-chloroplast futhi awakwazi ukondla nge-photosynthesis.
Isikhunta singakhula emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, kepha ngokuvamile amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-0 ° kuya ku-55 ° C kanti isikhunta esibizwa njengosomathuba sikhula phakathi kuka-35 ° no-40 ° C.
Isikhunta singazala kokubili ngokocansi nangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, bahlala bekwenza lokho besebenzisa izinhlamvu. Izinhlamvu zimelana nezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo futhi zizolinda izimo ezifanele ukuze zikwazi ukuthuthuka, zihlume kanye naleso sibonelo esisha. Singasho ukuthi izinhlamvu zilingana nembewu yezihlahla. Lapho bethola izimo ezifanele, ukukhula kwabo kungashesha kakhulu.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezimpawu eziyinhloko zamakhowe.