Mhlawumbe wake wezwa ngento ebizwa ngokuthi "tundra", kungaba kumovie, ochungechungeni noma kudokhumentari. Kodwa yini i-tundra? Impela usuvele ukutholile lokho i-biome ebanda kakhulu, ngokuvamile embozwe yiqhwa kanye nezimila ezincane. Naphezu kokuthi lingase libonakale liwugwadule kangakanani, ziningi izinto esingazifunda ngalo.
Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi iyini i-tundra, yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona nokuthi yiziphi izitshalo nezilwane zayo. Lawa mathafa abonakala engenalutho futhi angaphili, yenza i-ecosystem imelana kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo, Iyakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa abandayo kakhulu. Uma unesithakazelo esihlokweni, ungangabazi ukuqhubeka ufunda.
Iyini i-tundra nezici zayo?
Ake siqale ngokuchaza ukuthi iyini i-tundra nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo. Kuyisistimu yemvelo yasemhlabeni. EMpumalanga i-biome Ingenye yezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi ukuhunyushwa kwezwi nezwi kwegama layo "ithafa elingenasihlahla". Abantu abaningi babiza le biome ngokuthi "i-polar desert." Izici eziyinhloko ze-tundra yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Isimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu.
- Imvula encane.
- Imimoya enamandla.
- Ukuhlukahluka okuncane ezingeni lebhayoloji.
- Umhlabathi ompofu ngokwezinto ezinomsoco.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-ecosystems nama-biomes, ama-tundras awakaziwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngenxa yendawo ekuyo, kude kangaka nabantu, kanye nokufinyelela kwayo okunzima, kokubili ngenxa yezimo zezulu nokukhululeka, Lezi yizindawo ezingakaphenywa ngokugcwele.
Lezi zindawo zitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphakeme, indawo yayo eyinhloko isenyakatho nenkabazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-tundras ahlanganisa izifunda ezinjenge-Iceland, iSiberia, i-Alaska, izintaba eziphakathi kwe-Argentina neChile, iziqhingi ezihlukahlukene ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic, ingxenye eseningizimu yeGreenland, enyakatho ye-Antarctica, enyakatho yeCanada naseNyakatho Yurophu, kuhlanganise neScandinavia neRussia. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phezulu kukhona ne-tundra, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, imimoya enamandla nemvula encane.
Isimo sezulu
Njengoba indawo yama-tundra ngokuvamile iseduze nezigxobo futhi isendaweni ephakeme kakhulu, akumangazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa lapho lihlala lingaphansi kwamadigri ayiziro isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha neziyishumi. Ngenjwayelo, ubusika kulawa ma-biomes bumnyama, bude, bomile, futhi bubanda kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo, amazinga okushisa angehla aze afike ku-70ºC. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi indawo ngokuvamile ikhithika cishe unyaka wonke, ehlobo kungase kubonakale imvula embalwa, yebo, ifane neqhwa.
Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ze-tundras, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile liphakathi kuka-6ºC no-12ºC. Kodwa-ke, eziqongweni zezintaba nasezindaweni eziphakeme amazinga okushisa afinyelela kuma-degree ayishumi angenzeka. Yiqiniso, ebusuku zizowela ngaphansi kwamadigri angu-zero futhi.
Izinhlobo ze-tundra
Ngokuya ngezifunda noma izindawo lapho i-tundra itholakala khona, singazihlukanisa zibe ingqikithi yamaqembu amathathu:
- i-arctic tundra
- i-alpine tundra
- I-Antarctic tundra
Ngezansi sizokhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngalezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-biomes.
i-arctic tundra
Okokuqala sine-Arctic tundra. Lokhu kutholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, ngezansi nje kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezidumile zase-arctic. Ukwandiswa kwalesi sifunda kuthatha yonke indawo engathandeki kuze kube yilapho kufinyelela emikhawulweni yamahlathi akhiwe ngamaconifers, asevele eyingxenye yenye i-biome ebizwa ngokuthi i-taiga. Uma kubonwa kumephu, i-Arctic tundra izothatha ingxenye ebalulekile ye-Alaska nengxenye yeCanada.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi futhin iningi lale ndawo singathola "i-permafrost". Kuwungqimba olungaphansi komhlaba oluqandiswe unomphela. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi amanzi agcwele phezulu, amachibi nama-peat bogs angakha. Ngale ndlela, izitshalo zingathola umswakama.
Ngokuphathelene nohlaza, asikho isimiso sezimpande ezijulile. Noma kunjalo, yebo singathola inhlobonhlobo yemifino ekwazi ukumelana nokubanda, ngokwesibonelo utshani, i-liverworts, sedges, mosses, izihlahla eziphansi, njll.
Izilwane ezihlala kulezi zindawo zijwayele ukumelana nobusika obubandayo nobude obude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamandla okuzala nokuzala ngokushesha ehlobo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ezihlala e-Arctic tundra zivame ukuba nokufakwa okwengeziwe kwamafutha. Ngenxa yokuthi ukudla kuyindlala ebusika, izilwane eziningi ziyalala, kuyilapho ezinye zifudukela eningizimu, ikakhulukazi izinyoni. Ngokuqondene nezilwane ezihlala emanzini kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, zimbalwa kakhulu, uma zingekho ngokuphelele, kulezi zifunda ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokufuduka okuqhubekayo nokufuduka okukhona kulolu hlobo lwe-tundra, inani labantu lishintsha njalo.
i-alpine tundra
Uma sikhuluma nge-Alpine tundra, sibhekisela kulabo abatholakala ezintabeni, noma ngabe bakuphi eMhlabeni. Ngokuvamile siyithola ezindaweni eziphakeme ngaphezu kolwandle, lapho uhlaza luyindlala khona futhi lungekho uhlobo lwesihlahla olumilayo. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokukhula sivame ukuthatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-180. Ebusuku, izinga lokushisa livame ukwehla libe ngaphansi kwalokho okungaba yiqhwa. Esinye isici esiyenza ihluke e-Arctic tundra ukuthi inhlabathi ikhishwe kahle.
Izimila ezitholakala e-Alpine tundra zifana kakhulu nalezo zase-Arctic. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izihlahlana ezinamahlamvu amancane kanye nezihlahla, amakhambi afana notshani, nezihlahla ezincane. Izilwane zalezi zifunda zivumelana kahle nezimo. Singathola izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlukahlukene njengezimbuzi zasezintabeni, izimbila nezimvu. Ezinye izinyoni ezinoboya obukwazi ukumelana nokubanda ikakhulukazi nezinye izinambuzane, njengezimvemvane, izintethe namabhungane, nazo zihlala kulolu hlobo lwe-tundra.
I-Antarctic Tundra
Ngokuqondene ne-Antarctic tundra, Ingenye ye-ecosystem engavamile kakhulu, kodwa alikho. Singayithola kwezinye zeziQhingi zaseKerguelen, eSouth Sandwich Islands naseziQhingini zaseNingizimu Georgia, lezi ezimbili zokugcina kuyizindawo zaseBrithani.
Ziyini izitshalo nezilwane ze-tundra?
Uma sicabangela uhlobo lwesimo sezulu kuma-tundras, kuyinto evamile kakhulu emhlabeni ukuthi izilwane ziye zashintsha futhi zajwayela ukushisa okubandayo nokubi. Zinezingqimba zamafutha aminyene kakhulu ngaphansi kwesikhumba, kuyilapho ijazi ngokuvamile likhulu futhi lide. Ukuze zifihleke kangcono, ezinye zivame ukuba mhlophe, okwenza kube lula ukuthi zicashe eqhweni futhi zibaleke izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Phakathi kwezilwane ze-tundra waziwa kakhulu singathola okulandelayo:
- izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni
- izinkabi ze-musk
- Amabhere ePolar
- i-caribou
- I-Reindeer
- ILobos
- Hares
- izimpungushe zase-arctic
- Ama-Halcones
- Amabhubesi olwandle (eduze kolwandle noma ogwini)
- Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimvu zamanzi (eduze kolwandle noma ogwini)
Njengoba kunokudla okuningi e-Arctic tundra, kulapho singathola khona nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane kunase-Alpine tundra.
Flora
Njengoba kunikezwe iqiniso lokuthi i-tundra ngokuyisisekelo iyingqimba yeqhwa neqhwa elihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yenhlabathi, ihlathi nomhlaba, kungase kubonakale sengathi azikho izimila, kodwa zikhona. Njengoba izikhathi zokukhula ngokuvamile ziba zifushane, izitshalo zivame ukuba mfushane futhi azikhukhumezi. Sebejwayelene kahle nendawo enjalo ngokusebenzisa iziqu ezinoboya kanye nekhono lokuqhakaza nokukhula ngokushesha ehlobo elifushane kangaka.
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, amazinga okushisa anjalo aphansi awavumeli izihlahla ukuba zikhule, kodwa izitshalo ezincane ziyakwenza. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-400 zezitshalo eziqhakazayo kuma-tundras. Yiqiniso, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zihlakazeke kakhulu kuyo yonke insimu. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo sezulu saleyo ndawo kanye nemvula encane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, okuyikhona ekugcineni okuhlinzeka ngemisoco emhlabathini ezitshalweni, nakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Eminye yemifino evame kakhulu kulezi zingxenye yilezi ezilandelayo:
Sekukonke kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba ngu-1700, okuhlanganisa ama-liverworts notshani. Ehlobo, ama-tundra avame ukugcwala izimbali ezincane ze-alpine futhi indawo iphenduka ibe luhlaza ngenxa yobuningi bomosi, ama-sedge, ama-heath, izihlahla ezincane, ulele notshani obukhulayo. Ngokuvamile ziyimifino emincane ekwazi ukumelana nomoya onamandla kunezinye izitshalo, ezikwazi ukuzivikela ekukhithikeni ngokukhula phakathi kwamadwala.
Nokho, kubonakala sengathi siqoqe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-tundra. Njengoba ubona, ngisho nezindawo ezingenabungane kakhulu ziyikhaya lokuphila, futhi kuningi!