Izifo zomthi womnquma: igqabi elityheli

Umthi womnquma ngumthi wesiqhamo ongadli ngokuba neengxaki ezinzulu: unokuhlaselwa yi-mealybug, okanye unokunxanwa kakhulu ngenxa yembalela ethatha ixesha elide, kodwa ngokwenene ayingomthi ufuna inkathalo eninzi. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko apho impilo yayo iyancipha, enye yeempawu zokuqala esiza kuzibona kukuphuzi kwamagqabi.

Ekubeni i-ethe-ethe kwaye isesichengeni, amagqabi esityalo adla ngokuba yinxalenye yokuqala yomzimba waso ukutshintsha: atshintsha umbala, aphulukane nokuqina, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ade asonge. Yiyo loo nto sifuna ukuba wazi zithini izifo zomthi womnquma olona phawu luphambili ngamagqabi atyheli ukuze ukwazi ukuthatha amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuze ungabonakali umonakalo omtsha.

Izinambuzane

Nangona ingesiso isityalo esidla ngokuchatshazelwa zizinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, ngezihlandlo ezithile sinokubona ukuba inazo. Ezi zizinambuzane eziqhelekileyo zisebenza kakhulu ehlotyeni, kwaye ziyaphumla okanye zifukama ebusika. Ndithi "ngokubanzi" kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ubusika bufudumele kakhulu, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kuvuselela abanye.

Izinambuzane ezibangela ukuba amagqabi omnquma ajike abe tyheli zezi zilandelayo:

• Ukudinwa: Ngokukodwa, Phoeotribus scarabaeoides. Lo nguqongqothwane othi, kwisigaba sawo sombungu, utye ngaphakathi emasebeni nakwisiqu somthi. Oku kubangela ukuba umthi womnquma ube buthathaka namagqabi awo abe tyheli de ekugqibeleni avuthuluke. Ngelishwa, akukho nyango lonyango, kodwa kukho ukuthintela: iintsalela zokuthena kufuneka zipheliswe, kunye naloo masebe ane-brittle.
• nundu lomnquma (Uthandaza oleae): sisinambuzane esihamba ngezigaba ezintathu zophuhliso: i-phyllophagous, okuyiyo xa isondla amagqabi kunye neziqu ezithambileyo; i<em>antófaga, kuxa isitya iintyatyambo; kwaye ekugqibeleni i-carpófaga, kuxa itshabalalisa iziqhamo. Ukuthintela oku, unyango olunezibulali-zinambuzane ezithile kufuneka lwenziwe. Olunye ulwazi.

Izifo

Ngokubhekiselele kwizifo, ezi inokubangelwa ngumngundo, iintsholongwane okanye ibhaktheriya. Uninzi lweentlobo ze-pathogenic zisebenzisa inambuzane njenge-vector; oko kukuthi, ngokukhawuleza xa iluma iqabunga, intyatyambo okanye isiqhamo, i-microorganism idlula ngaphakathi kwesityalo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zomlomo zesilwanyana. Ngoko ke, kungekhona kuzo zonke iimeko kuya kukwanela ukunyanga isifo ngokwaso, kodwa isinambuzane esihambisayo kuya kufuneka silawulwe.

Kodwa zeziphi ezenza amagqabi abe tyheli?

• Uhlaziyo: sisifo esosulelwa ngumngundo I-Spilocaea oleagina nto leyo ebangela ukubonakala kwamachokoza emagqabini abe tyheli kuqala aze abemdaka. Ngomnye weyona yingozi kakhulu, kuba uwenza ube buthathaka kakhulu umthi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iyayinciphisa imveliso yawo. Kufuneka iphathwe ngemichiza yokungunda njenge enye, kodwa kungcono ukugcina isityalo sikhathalelwe kakuhle, kwaye uqiniseke nokuba iindidi ofuna ukuzithenga ziyakwazi ukumelana ne-repilo.
• Xyella fastidiosa: Sisifo esitsha ngokwentelekiso eSpeyin, ekubeni sabhaqwa ngo-2016. Sibangelwa yintsholongwane (X. fastidiosa) ezalelwa kumantla eKhalifoniya (eUnited States). Iintsholongwane zayo zezo zinambuzane zitya imithi yezityalo. Kwaye iimpawu eziveliswayo kukukhula tyheli kwamagqabi kunye nokuba buthathaka komthi. Ngelishwa, akukho nyango lonyango, kodwa ukuba umthi womnquma awunxanwanga, kwaye ukuba uhlawulwa rhoqo, umngcipheko wokuchatshazelwa yile bhaktheriya unokunciphisa. Olunye ulwazi.

Ezinye iingxaki

Nangona njengoko sibonile kukho izinambuzane kunye nezifo ezibangela ukuphuzi kwamagqabi omnquma, ngamanye amaxesha imbangela ingaba, umzekelo, ukugqithisa okanye ukungabikho kwamanzi, okanye nasemhlabeni. Makhe sithethe ngayo:

Ukugqithisa okanye ukungabikho kwamanzi

I-protagonist yethu ngumthi weziqhamo ohlala uluhlaza ovela kwiMeditera. Kulo mmandla, ihlobo lishushu kakhulu (linokufikelela kwi-41-42ºC kwezinye iindawo, kwaye libe nobusuku obuninzi obunobushushu obungaphezulu kwe-20ºC), kwaye ubusika bubancinci (ngaphandle kwezona ndawo ziphakamileyo, apho kunokubakho iqabaka ukuya kuthi ga kwiqondo lokushisa. i -12ºC, into eqhelekileyo kukuba ayihambi ngaphantsi kwe-7ºC. Enyanisweni, kumazinga aphantsi kunqabile ukuba iye ngaphantsi kwe-2ºC). Y Ukuba sithetha ngeemvula, zinqabile kakhulu: phakathi kwe-250 kunye ne-700mm yemvula ngonyaka ngokwe-avareji, nangona zingadlula i-1000mm.

Ngoko ke, umthi womnquma uyakwazi ukuphila namanzi amancinane. Ngaphezu koko, e-Mallorca, apho ndihlala khona, zikhuliswa ngaphandle kwengxaki kwiindawo apho zingadluli kwi-300mm yemvula yonyaka. Yaye ndiyaniqinisekisa ukuba isivuno esihle. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sikuthathele ingqalelo oku, njengoko ayifuni amanzi amaninzi njengeminye imithi yeziqhamo.

Ingaphezulu ukuba ityalwe emhlabeni, iya kwanela ukuyinkcenkceshela ukuba siyabona ukuba imbalela ithabathe iiveki eziliqela kwaye kushushu kakhulu.. Kakade ke, kuya kufuneka siyenze ukuba isembizeni, kuba kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba umhlaba wome ngokukhawuleza.

Ziziphi iimpawu zokugqithisa okanye ukungabikho kwamanzi emthini womnquma? Amagqabi atyheli. Kwimeko yokuqala siya kubona ukuba owokuqala ukutshintsha umbala uya kuba mdala, kwaye okwesibini mncinci. Ukufumana kwakhona umthi wethu, kuya kufuneka simise ukunkcenkceshela ukuba sibona ukuba sinkcenkceshela kakhulu kwaye siwunyange ngesibulala-mbumbulu. ukuze iifungi zingonakalisi; kwaye ngokuchaseneyo kuya kufuneka siyinkcenkceshele rhoqo ukuba iyoma.

Umgangatho

Nangona ingumthi weziqhamo okhula kumhlaba ombi. musa ukwenza impazamo yokuyityala kwindawo enzima kakhulu kwaye ixinene. Kwaye kukuba, inokunyamezela isikhukula esifika ngexesha, kodwa ukuba iingcambu zayo zihlala zikhukulisekile, aziyi kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba zife. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngaphambi kokutyala kwintsimi yeziqhamo okanye kwintsimi, kufuneka ubone ukuba unombhobho omhle, kuba ukuba umhlaba awufuni amanzi ngokukhawuleza, ngoko akuyi kuba kuhle kumnquma.

Kodwa oku kunesisombululo esilula kakhulu: ibandakanya nje ukugrumba umngxuma omkhulu, 1 x 1 mitha, kwaye uwugcwalise ngomxube wepeat emnyama kunye neperlite. izahlulo ezilinganayo.

Njengoko ubonile, umthi womnquma unokuba namagqabi atyheli ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo.