Iminquma (I-Olea europaea) zizityalo ekufunyanwa kuzo iminquma, kodwa zikhona ezinye iintlobo ezininzi zohlobo iliza, Zonke ziyafana, kodwa zineempawu ezizodwa. Olu hlobo luqulathe Iindidi ezingama-33 Zifumaneka kulo lonke elase-Afrika, kwiMeditera yaseYurophu, kwi-tropical Asia, eNew Guinea nakwimpuma ye-Australia
Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngayo yonke into malunga nezi zityalo, sizama ukwenza ezinye iintlobo ezingaqhelekanga zaziwe.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zohlobo Olea
Umfanekiso -Wikimedia / David Brühlmeier
Zonke iintlobo zikhona imithi okanye izihlahla zemithi eshinyeneyo, ezinamagqabi alula, ajongene nawo kunye nemida yonke. Amagqabi ahlala enesikhumba (esomeleleyo), ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezinemozulu eyomileyo. Ubume bamagqabi bu-oval kwaye butyibilikisiwe, buye bude kakhulu kwaye buncinci kwiindawo ezinomileyo kwaye zibanzi kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo. Iintyatyambo zincinci, zinamagqabi amane, kwaye zibonakala ziqokelelwe kwii-cymes. Iziqhamo ziyahluka ngombala, kodwa zihlala zifana neminquma, idrupe ene-endocarp eqinileyo (umngxuma) ekhusela imbewu.
Ngokumalunga nokunyamekela, akukho lula ukuthetha ngazo ngokubanzi ngenxa yemozulu eyahlukeneyo akhule kuyo. Ngapha koko, akukho lwazi luthembekileyo kwiintlobo ngaphandle kwe I-Olea europaea, kuba azidli ngokulinywa.
Sebenzisa
Njengoko uyazi, iminquma (isiqhamo se I-Olea europaeazisetyenziselwa zombini ukukhupha ioyile esemgangathweni olunge kakhulu ukuya ukutya emva kokubabeka kwinkqubo ethile. Olu hlobo lusetyenziselwa iinkuni zokubasa, ngakumbi xa zingasenzi iimveliso ezinkulu okanye ngokuzithena. Kuqheleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa ii-specimens ezindala njenge Isityalo sokuhombisa, ngamanye amaxesha athenwa ngeendlela ezinomdla. Uhlobo lwayo lwasendle, umthi womnquma wasendle, ungasetyenziselwa ukukhupha ioyile esemgangathweni (nangona isiqhamo ngasinye sivelisa kancinane kakhulu), kodwa esona siqhelo kukusihlakulela bonsai okanye uyisebenzise xa uphinda utyala amahlathi. Umnquma wasendle uhlala usetyenziswa njengesiseko somthi womnquma.
Banikwa nazo Olunye usetyenziso kwimithi yeminquma, kusetyenziswa ioyile njengesiseko ukwenza iziqholo okanye iisepha kunye nezinye iimveliso zokuthambisa, okanye nangokupheka amagqabi okanye ukukhonkotha nokuyisebenzisa njengeyeza. Zonke ezinye iintlobo zingasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezivela kuzo, kodwa hayi ngaphandle. Kwakukho ezinye iintlobo ezinokubonwa kwizitiya zezityalo, ezinje Umtshangatshangiso waseAfrika, kodwa uninzi lwazo ngoku luthathelwa ingqalelo njengee-subspecies ze I-Olea europaea. Nguye kuphela onokufumana Ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni es Olea capensis, umthi waseAfrika ngomnye weyona mithi ilukhuni (ibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi yomthi).
Ezona ntlobo zibalaseleyo
I-Olea europaea
Iintlobo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu, ezinokuthi ziqale ukusuka kwi-arboreal ukuya kwi-bush encinci. Kukude liintlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho zohlobo lwe-Olea, Esinye sezona zivuno ziphambili zeMeditera. Ihlala ibizwa I-Olea europaea kulinywe kuphela iminquma, eneziqu ezishinyeneyo, i-lanceolate, amagqabi agobileyo kunye nesilivere engaphantsi. Ngokubanzi iziqhamo ezimnyama, zikhulu ngobukhulu xa zithelekiswa nezinye ze-Olea, nangona zixhomekeke kudidi oluthile I-bark ethambileyo, kodwa isiqu esikhulu kakhulu ngobudala. Ngokwenyani eli gama libandakanya zonke izinto ezixhasayo esiza kubona ngezantsi. Igama elichanekileyo leminquma etyaliweyo yile I-Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea. Okanye ngokufutshane, I-Olea europaea ilandelwe ligama lokulima.
Ngokubhekisele kukhathalelo, olufanayo kuzo zonke i-subspecies: Bakhetha ukuba selangeni elipheleleyo, nangona banyamezele umthunzi othile. Bayamelana nembalela kakuhle, nangona bekhula ngcono ngokufumana amanzi rhoqo. Ayinyanzelekanga ngohlobo lomhlaba, ukuba nje inemithombo elungileyo. Zimelana neqabaka kakuhle, kodwa apha iintlobo zekhephu kunye nokulima zinemicimbi, ezinye zijamelana namaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe - 10ºC kwaye amanye anengxaki engaphantsi ko -2ºC.
Olea europaea var. sylvestris
El umnquma wasendle. Umthonyama kuwo wonke ummandla weMeditera. Ngokwenyani eli gama lenzululwazi alichanekanga ngokupheleleyo, kuba aligqibekanga. Ukubhekisa kuye, eyona nto ichanekileyo kukubabiza I-Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris. I-Shrub-like, ngokubanzi incinci kuneminquma, enomthi ococekileyo kunye namasebe. Amagqabi ayo mancinci, amile okweqanda, acabalele, anomphezulu oqaqambileyo oluhlaza ongaphezulu kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza ngaphantsi. Bahlala bevelisa amasetyana amahle aguqulwe aba ngameva.
EMallorca sifumana i-ullastre, eyahlukileyo yomnquma wasendle onobukhulu obuncinci kunye namagqabi ajikeleziweyo kunye namancinci.
I-Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
Ngaphambili kwakubizwa Umtshangatshangiso waseAfrika. Iyafana nemithi yeminquma etyaliweyo, kodwa ineziqhamo ezincinci kunye neorenji endaweni yesilivere engaphantsi. Kananjalo ngokubanzi inebukhulu obukhulu. Ingxolo yayo iqala igudile, kodwa ekugqibeleni iqhekeka ibe ngamacwecwe amancinci. Yibane indawo enkulu yokuhambisa, Ihlala kuwo wonke uMzantsi-mpuma weAfrika, idlula kwiPeninsula yaseArabhiya iye kwiindawo ezithile zoMzantsi Asia.
I-Olea europaea subsp. guanchira
Isiphelo ukusuka kwiziqithi ze-canary. Ngaphandle koko, iphantse yahlukaniswa neminquma yasendle, nangona ingenameva.
Olea capensis
Umthi womnquma wesinyithi, kunye nomthi oqinileyo kunye nobunzima bentsapho, kangangokuba uyatshona. Amagqabi ayi-lanceolate, makhulu, afana kakhulu nalawa omthi we-laurel kunalawo omthi womnquma, ngombala ofanayo ohlaza ocacileyo kwicala elingasentla nelisezantsi. Iba ngumthi omkhulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40m, kunye ne-bark ebetha kakhulu, ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ezimhlophe kwimvelaphi emnyama. Iziqhamo zimnyama kwaye zincinci kakhulu, zincinci kunezo zomnquma wasendle. Olona lwabiwo lwayo ngu IAfrika yaseTropiki, kodwa ikwafumaneka eMzantsi Afrika naseMadagascar.
Ezinye iintlobo
Kukho ezinye iindidi ezingama-30 zeOlea, kodwa zaziwa kakhulu kwaye akukho lwazi malunga nazo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba uninzi lwazo lunamagqabi amenyezelayo, afana nalawo e-ficus (njenge Olea paniculata, ejongeka njenge UFicus benjaminaokanye iipriveti. Ngapha koko, iintlobo ezininzi ze iliza ngaphambi kokuba ziqwalaselwe ligustrum.
Ucinga ntoni? Ngaba uyazi ukuba kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze iliza ukongeza kwi I-Olea europaea? Imfesane ayikwazi ukubacebisa, kuba kungathengiswa nembewu.