Izityalo, njengezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, zinamandla okuphila okusindayo azikhokelele ekubeni zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kutshintsho oluvela ngaphezulu kwamakhulu amawaka eminyaka. Kwelethu icala, nathi sinesidingo sokubhala izinto, kuba oku kuyasinceda ukuba siziqonde ngcono. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwibhotani kukho amagama athile abhekisa kwiintlobo zezityalo ezithile, ezo zihlala kwindawo enye ixesha elide.
Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu yile, okanye ngakumbi, izityalo zangaphakathi. Elo gama lithetha nathi ngemithi, izihlahla, ... ngokufutshane, zezityalo ezithe zakwazi ukuziqhelanisa kakuhle nendawo ethile eziqhubeka kuyo. Kodwa namhlanje zikwangabona basesichengeni sokuphela.
Ithini inkcazo yesiphelo?
Isiphelo sisilwanyana okanye isityalo esihlala kuphela kwindawo ethile emhlabeni: umzekelo idracaena drake sisiphelo seMacaronesia, IPhoenix canariensis ngumthi wesundu oqhelekile kwiiCanary Islands, njalo njalo.
Ngokubanzi, umxholo we-endemism usebenza kwiintlobo, nangona inokusetyenziselwa i-subspecies, genera, kunye neentsapho zonke. Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi yesilwanyana ngasinye okanye isityalo esifundwayo, nokuba siyafumaneka kwezinye iindawo ezikufuphi, into enokuthi ikhokelele kutshintsho oluthile ukuze kufezekiswe ukulunga.
Kutheni kukho ukuphela? Zivela phi ezi zinto?
Ukuphendula lo mbuzo kufuneka siye kwilizwe lejoloji. IPlanethi yoMhlaba yiplanethi ephilayo, etshintsha rhoqo. Yintoni egqithisile, Singathi yipuzzle enkulu, enamaqhekeza angqubanayo omnye nomnye esenza iintaba, okanye angene phantsi kwabanye andisa iilwandle.. Ezi ziqwenga ziyaziwa ngegama lamacwecwe etektoni.
Ezi ntshukumo, njengoko benditshilo, zenzeka kancinci kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kucotha kakhulu ukuba izinto eziphilayo zihlala zinamawaka eminyaka ukuqhelana neendawo ezohlukeneyo, ngaphandle kokuba kuyacaca ukuba kukho indalo eyenzekileyo enyanzela ubomi ukuba buqale ekuqaleni, njengoko kwenzekile emva kwemeteorite ekhokelele ekutshabalaleni ukuya kuma-75% iintlobo zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, phakathi kwazo zezona zinambuzane zinkulu ezaziwa nguMhlaba: iidinosaurs.
Emva kwesiganeko esinjalo, imozulu yoMhlaba iyatshintsha kakhulu. Inokuba shushu okanye ibande, inokwenza nokuba ibemanzi okanye yome kwiindawo ezithile. Y ikona nganye, yonke imbonakalo yomhlaba, yonke intaba okanye ichibi, njl.njl biome okanye ubume bendalo, apho izityalo ezithile kunye nezilwanyana zihlala khona eziye zaqhelana nezo meko, kodwa azisekho, kungoko zinomngcipheko omkhulu wokuphela.
Kunzima ukwazi, ke ngoko, imvelaphi yeendawo zokuhlala. Kodwa ukuba sifuna ukuyifumana, kuya kufuneka sihlalutye iDNA yezityalo kwaye sifunde nookhokho babo. Kuya kunceda ekufumaneni iintsalela, kuba kubo unokufunda okuninzi malunga nemozulu eyayikhona eMhlabeni ngelo xesha. Lo ngumsebenzi wezityalo kunye neepaleobotanists.
Thina, njengabalandeli bezityalo kunye negadi, Siza kugcina ukuba i-endemism luhlobo ekudala luhleli kwindawo enye ixesha elide, kwaye ayifumaneki kwenye indawo emhlabeni.
Zeziphi iintlobo zeememism ezikhoyo?
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi:
- Apoendemic: zi-taxa (Oko kukuthi, iintlobo, i-subspecies, okanye i-genera) ezivela kwabanye.
- Iimpawu zobuchwephesha: zi-taxa ezingenagama, kodwa ezinokuba ngabagqatswa abalungileyo ukuba bachazwe njengendawo.
- Iimpawu zeSchizoendemisms: zezo ntlobo bezikhe zavela njengoko le ndawo ibihleli yodwa, iya kuzala ize ke ngaloo ndlela idale iintlobo ezintsha, ezinofuzo olufanayo.
- Iipaleoendemisms: luhlobo oluneempawu zemfuza kunye ne-morphological ezenza amaqela azimeleyo kunye azimeleyo.
- Inkxaso: ziindidi ezinemfuza eyahluke kancinane kunaleyo yabazali bazo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa ngcono nokusingqongileyo kangangokuba zikwazi ukulawula iindawo ezinkulu.
Imizekelo yezityalo ezihlala eSpain
Singazifumana izityalo ezingapheliyo kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, nangona iziqithi, ngenxa yokuba zodwa, kulapho ezona pesenti ziphezulu zigxile khona. Umzekelo, i-Australia iqikelelwa ukuba ilikhaya lamawaka angama-34 eentlobo zezityalo (amashumi amabini emithambo yegazi kunye neshumi elinesine lamawaka engeyiyo eyomthambo), phakathi kwazo kukho iAcanthocarpus, iArchontophoenix, kunye noninzi lwezinto eziphilayo brachychiton (inye kuphela evela eNew Guinea, ngaphandle kwama-31 kukho).
Nangona ukwazi ukuphela kwehlabathi kunomdla, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba yintoni esinayo "ekhaya." Lo nto Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezinye zeendawo zokugqibela zaseSpain esinazo:
IArenaria nevadensis
Umfanekiso - IBhodi yeAndalasi
La IArenaria nevadensis ngumhlaza womjikelo wonyaka ifikelela kumasentimitha angama-9 ukuphakama. Iziqu zayo zikhula ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokuthe tye, kwaye inamagqabi amancinci ukuya kuthi ga kwi-9 x 4 millimeter. Iintyatyambo zayo zibonakala ziqokelelwe kwii-corymbs kwaye zimhlophe.
Ikhula kwi-Iberia Peninsula, ngakumbi ematyholweni apho imozulu yiMeditera. Kusemngciphekweni wokuphela ngenxa yokuphulukana nendawo ezihlala kuyo.
IPaonia broteri
Umfanekiso - Wikimedia / A. Ibha
La IPaonia broteri sisityalo ikhula ibe ziisentimitha ezingama-70 ubude, Ukukhula kwesiqu sayo kuvela amagqabi aluhlaza oqaqambileyo. Iintyatyambo zayo zikhulu kwaye zodwa, zibomvu ngombala.
Ixhaphakile kwi-Iberia Peninsula, ngakumbi amahlathi, ingca kunye neentshinyela zeentaba.
IPhoenix canariensis
La IPhoenix canariensis, okanye isundu seCanary Island, luhlobo olukhoyo lweCanary Islands. Yenza isiqu esinye esityebileyo esinamagqabi e-pinnate ama-5 ukuya kwi-7 yeemitha ubude. Inokufikelela kubude obupheleleyo beemitha ezili-13.
Luhlobo olutyalwa ngokubanzi kwiigadi, ngenxa yobuhle bayo kunye nokomelela kwayo, njengoko inqanda iqabaka ukuya -7 -C.
Ngaba uyazi ezinye iindawo zokugcina imifuno eSpain?