Yintoni utyani?

Naphi na apho uya khona uya kufumana imimandla enokukushiya woyike. Nokuba kukumahlathi ashinyeneyo, kwihlathi elipholileyo okanye entlango, izityalo ezikwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa nendawo nganye kwezi zithetha ukuba, namhlanje, iplanethi esihlala kuyo ihlala iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana.

Ezi zinto ziphilayo zitshintsha ixesha elide kangangokuba kuye kwathiwa ngabo bangabalawuli boqobo bomhlaba, ukusukela enkosi kubudlelwane ababusebenzisileyo kunye nezinambuzane ezininzi, ii-microorganisms, kunye nezilwanyana ezincancisayo. Ngumntu, bakwazile ukwenza ikholoni phantse nayiphi na ikona, nganye nganye inezityalo zayo.

Yintoni kanye utyani?

Imifuno ligama ekubhekiswa kulo iseti yezityalo ezikhula zasendle emhlabeni okanye kwindawo yasemanzini njengomgxobhozo okanye umlambo. Ezi zityalo zinokuba zasendle, kodwa zikwabandakanya ezo zilinywe ngabantu kwaye, ngasizathu sithile, zikwazile ukuba zasendle.

Yintoni iflora kunye nohlaza?

Omabini la magama anokudideka, kuba ahlobene ngokusondeleyo. Kodwa kubalulekile ukubahlula:

• Flora Siseti yezityalo esiyifumana kwilizwe elithile.
• Uhlaza: Sisigqubuthelo sezityalo esikhoyo kwindawo apho imeko yemozulu ifanayo okanye ifana kakhulu.

Iindidi zezityalo

Zonke iintlobo zezityalo zixhomekeke kwimozulu ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala, zikhule kwaye, ekugqibeleni, zihlale kuloo ndawo. Ke ngoko, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo, ezizezi:

Intlango efriziweyo kunye ne-polar

Zindawo apho kungaphantsi kwe-250mm yemvula ebhalwe ngonyaka, kwaye apho eyona nyanga ifudumeleyo inobushushu obungaphantsi kwe-10ºC.. Izityalo esizifumana apha zincinci, kwaye zihlala zithatha iimilo ezijikeleziweyo, njenge-Antarctic carnation (Colobanthus leavingensisokanye ingca yeAntarctic (Deschampsia antarctica).

emathafeni

Kwi-Russian tundra kuthetha "ukucaca ngaphandle kwemithi", kwaye kukuba kula mazwe athe tyaba ekuphela kwento ekhulayo yingca, ubulembu kunye nobulembu. Iimeko azikho mbi njengakwintlango enomkhenkce, kodwa kunjalo Amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu abhalisiwe (kunokubakho -70ºC ebusika) kwaye phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-250mm yemvula yehla ngonyaka.

hlathi

Kule biome siqala ukubona amakhonkco, zezona zona zimelana kakuhle namaqondo obushushu apholileyo, kunye nemithi efana neelms, i-oki okanye iimephu ezithile ezikumazantsi ezantsi.

Malunga ne-450mm yemvula enobushushu iwela ngonyaka, kwaye amaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-19ºC ehlotyeni kwaye -30ºC ebusika.

Ihlathi elipholileyo elishushu

Kule hlathi siza kubona ikakhulu imithi enqabileyo, enjenge-beech (Fagus), okanye i-elm imithi (Ulmus), ukusukela ebusika amaqondo obushushu anokwehla aye -20ºC kwaye nangaphezulu kancinci. Nangona kunjalo, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi okuphela konyaka kunye nemvula, eninzi kwaye yehla ngendlela esasaziweyo, iyabanceda ukuba bakhule ngaphandle kwengxaki iinyanga ezininzi.

I-steppe eshushu

Apha siza kubona umhlaba ngaphandle kwemithi kwakhona. Imozulu igqithileZombini zinokuba shushu kakhulu (40ºC okanye nangaphezulu) zize ziye ku -15ºC. Ukongeza, imvula ina kancinci, malunga ne-250mm ngonyaka, ke kuphela zezona zityalo zilungelelanisiweyo zihlala, ezinje ngengca eninzi kunye nemifuno enuka kamnandi.

Ihlathi lemvula elingaphantsi komhlaba

Zezindawo apho imvula ininzi kakhulu, ngomyinge we-1000 ukuya ku-2000mm, kwaye ukuba sithetha ngamaqondo obushushu, aqhele ukwehla ngaphantsi kwe-16ºC phakathi kobusika., kwaye ingavuki ngaphezu kwe 31ºC ehlotyeni. Ke ngoko, uninzi lwezityalo ziziva zikhululekile apha: isundu labahambi (ravenala madagascariensis), mininzi imithi yesundu efana ne- I-Dypsis lutescens okanye umthi wekhokhonathiICocos nucifera), njl

Uhlaza lweMeditera

Okanye ihlathi leMeditera. Izityalo zibonakaliswa kukumelana kakhulu nembalela kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu asondele kuma 40ºC, afana nomthi we carob (ICeratonia siliqua), okanye umthi womnquma (I-Olea europaea). Imvula ina kancinci, enyanisweni ayidli ngokubhalisa ngaphezulu kwe-500mm ngonyaka (Nangona kukho iindawo ekubhalwe kuzo i-1000mm), kwaye xa la manzi esiwa, ahlala esenza oko entwasahlobo nasekwindla; yiyo i Ihlobo liba lelona xesha lifudumeleyo nelomileyo.

Ihlathi leMonsoon

Luhlobo lwamahlathi akweleenjiko onyaka apho kuhlala khona izityalo ezisoloko ziluhlaza kunye nemithi ehlala iluhlaza. Luhlobo olugqithisileyo, kunye nexesha elinemvula eninzi kakhulu evela kwimvula enkulu, kunye nelinye ixesha apho kungekho mvula. Nangona kunjalo, umyinge wemvula onyaka umalunga ne-2000mm. Akukho ziqabaka zibhalisiweyo; inyaniso, obona bushushu bungaphantsi kwe-10ºC.

Intlango eyomileyo

Akukho nzuzo apha. Imvula yonyaka ijikeleze i-100mm, kwaye ingaphantsi kwiintlango ezithile ezinje ngeAtacama umzekelo, apho kunetha kuphela rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-15 okanye nangaphezulu; kwaye amaqondo obushushu angadlula kakuhle kuma-40ºC.

Isihlahla seXerophytic

Iimeko apha zingcono kancinci kunakwintlango eyomileyo. Amaqondo obushushu angaphakama kakhulu, 40ºC okanye nangaphezulu, kwaye imvula ingaphantsi kwama-200mm. Ngaphandle koku, uninzi lwee-cacti zihlala apho, njenge IPachycereus pringlei.

Amathafa omileyo

Luhlobo lwebhayom kunye nemozulu yelizwekazi eyimihlaba eyomileyo apho phakathi kwama-200 nama-400mm emvula abhalwa ngonyaka, kwaye amaqondo obushushu asusela kuma-26ºC ehlotyeni kunye no -18ºC ebusika. Ngokubhekisele kwizityalo ezihlala kuyo, sine umhlonyane (Artemisia), Festuca okanye iStipa, phakathi kwabanye.

Intlango eyomileyo

Kwezi ntlobo zentlango phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-800mm yemvula yonyaka iyawa, kodwa iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi lingaphezulu kwe-18ºC.. Yiyo loo nto kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubona izihlahla kunye namathafa, kunye nezityalo ezininzi ezinencasa kunye nezifana, ezinje ngeagaf, Ferocactus okanye peyote (Lophophora).

I-savanna engapheliyo

Ngamathafa ahlala izityalo ezinobungozi. Kushushu kakhulu emini kwaye ngexesha elilungileyo lonyaka (40-45ºC ubuninzi) kwaye imbalela inokuba mandundu kangangokuba akukho mthi unokuphila kuyo.

I-savanna enemithi

Luhlobo lwe-savanna apho amaqondo aphezulu kakhulu kunye namaqondo asezantsi arekhodwe ngaphezulu kwe-10ºC, kodwa phi Imvula ijikeleze i-100-200mm ngonyaka. Ke ngoko, eminye imithi iyakhula, njenge baobab (Adansonia).

Ihlathi elomileyo

Izityalo ezinjengeCarob yaseChile zikhula kuyo (Iprosopis chilensis) okanye i-quebracho emhlophe (I-Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco). Imvula yonyaka iphakathi kwama-500 nama-1000mm, kwaye umndilili wonyaka wamaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-17 kunye ne-24ºC.

Ihlathi elinemvula

Ikwabizwa ngokuba lihlathi elikwiikhweyitha okanye ihlathi elinomswakama, ngamaqondo aphezulu obushushu angama-35ºC, ngomndilili ophakathi kwama-25 nama-27ºC. Ukongeza, kufuneka kuthiwe ezi zinto azitshintshi unyaka wonke, ezongeze into yokuba imvula ininzi, i-1500mm ngonyaka, kuthetha ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-600 yeentlobo zemithi inokufumaneka kwihektare enye. Ngokunjalo, imithi emininzi yesundu ivela kule mimandla, njenge-Euterpe kunye neChimanedorea.

Alpine tundra

Ziindawo apho obona bushushu buphantsi bunokuba ngu-70ºC, kwaye amaqondo aphezulu obushushu aqhele ukufikelela ku-20ºC.. Izityalo ezimfutshane zikhula apha, ezifana nomngcunube (I-Salix iyabuya), okanye ipoppy arctic (IPapaver radicatum).

Ihlathi laseMontane

Ikwabizwa ngokuba lihlathi lentaba. Ngokubanzi yimimandla apho ii-conifers zininzi, kunye nemithi enqabileyo, apho iqondo lobushushu eliqhelekileyo ngu-8 ukuya ku-15ºC.

Yiyiphi indima edlalwa zizityalo kwindalo?

Utyani lubalulekile ukuze ezinye izidalwa zikwazi ukuphila kwaye zenze kakuhle, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimpawu kunye nokuvela kwendalo nganye. Ke ngoko ayinayo umsebenzi omnye, kodwa inezinto ezininzi.

Mhlawumbi eyona ibalulekileyo yile Enkosi kuyo, ukugeleza okuninzi kwe-biogeochemical kuyalawulwa, njengaleyo yamanzi ebengekho ngaphandle kwethu akukho namnye kuthi, okanye ikhabhoni. Ngokukwanjalo, banokuguqula iimpawu zomhlaba, kuba amagqabi, iintyatyambo, iziqhamo kunye namasebe awela kuwo, xa zibola, zikhupha izakha mzimba ezazisetyenziselwa ukuzenza.

Ekugqibeleni, bayindawo yokusabela yezilwanyana ezingenakubalwa kunye neentsholongwane, kwaye zihlala zingowona mthombo wazo wokutya. Abantu, umzekelo, batya iziqhamo zemithi emininzi, njengomthi we-apile, umthi we-orenji, okanye um-amangile, kwaye oko akuthethi ukuba siyazikhusela elangeni phantsi kwamasebe awo.

Ucinga ntoni ngeli nqaku?