I-Oomycetes: iimpawu kunye nonyango

Kuqhelekile ukudida ii-oomycetes kunye nefungi yokwenyani, kuba iimpawu kunye nomonakalo abazenzayo ziyafana. Kodwa ukongeza, unyango olusetyenziselwa abanye lunokusetyenziselwa abanye.

Okwangoku, ndiyacinga Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ii-oomycetes, izinto ezichaphazela iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo kwihlabathi liphela.

Yintoni ii-oomycetes?

Iifayile ze-oomycetes zi-fseudo-fungi (fungus bobuxoki) zeqela labaphembeleli i-Oomycota (okanye i-Oomycetes). Iindidi zihlelwa ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela ezitya ngayo. Ke, kwelinye icala sinee-saprophytes, ezo ke zizondla ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, kunye ne-parasites.

Aba bamva banomdla okhethekileyo kwezolimo nasegadini, kuba zezona zinokuphelisa ubomi bezityalo ukuba amanyathelo awathathwa ngexesha.

Zithini iimpawu zayo?

Kuluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo ezinodonga lweseli olwenziwe ngeselulosi. Yintoni egqithisile, kuwo onke amanqanaba obomi be-diploid, apho iiseli zibonisa iiseti ezimbini ze-chromosomes ze-homologous kwi-cell nuclei yazo, ezinezigaba ze-haploid apho iiseli zineseti enye yee-chromosomes.

Isigaba se-haploid, kwezi zinto ziphilayo, sisigaba sokuzala kwakhona. Oku ngokwesondo xa kuvelisa i-gametangia; Oko kukuthi, i-antheridia kunye ne-oogonia. Kuzo, ukwahlulwa kwe-meiotic kuyenzeka, okuya kuphakamisa i-diploid oospore eya kuba neendonga zeseli ezishinyeneyo. Oku kuyakukhutshwa, kwaye kuya kugqibela ngokuvelisa iihyphae apho i-sporangium iya kuvela khona.

Kwelinye icala, isigaba se-asexual sesinye esenzeka xa i-motile asexual spores, ebizwa ngokuba yi-zoospores, ine-flagellum ejolise phambili, enye iye ngasemva. Ezi zifumaneka kwiindawo apho ukufuma kuhlala kuphezulu, Njengombala wesityalo.

Kutheni le nto ii-oomycetes ingezizo iifungi?

Ixesha elide kwakukholelwa ukuba babenjalo. Ngapha koko, babehlelwa ngaphakathi kobukumkani beFungi. Kodwa namhlanje ii-oomycetes kunye nefungi ziyaziwa ukuba zinomahluko ezimbalwa kodwa zibalulekile:

• Udonga lweseli lwe-oomycetes yi-cellulose. Iifungi zinayo kwi-chitin.
• Aziqhelekanga ukuba zihlukane nezinto eziphilayo. Iiseli zomngundo kwelinye icala zahlulahlula phakathi kwiindonga zangaphakathi.
• Njengoko bekhula, abalinganiswa bethu abaphambili bane-diploid nuclei, Kwaye hayi haploid njengamakhowa.

Kuko konke oku, bakwiklasi yeHeterokonta okanye i-estramenopilos, ekwabelana ngayo ngeedatom umzekelo.

Iindidi ze-oomycetes

Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga ne-700 yeentlobo ze-oomycetes, phakathi kwazo ezahlula oku kulandelayo:

Ngumbungu

El umngundo sisifo esixhaphake kakhulu, esixhaphakileyo kwizityalo ibangela amagqabi agqunywe ngohlobo oluthile lothuli olumhlophe. Kuxhomekeka kwindidi eyahlukeneyo, sifumana ezinye ezibonakala ngathi zinoluhlobo oluthile lwesityalo.

Umzekelo, i IPlasmopara viticola Ichaphazela kakhulu umdiliya, yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba sisikhunta somdiliya.

IPhythium

I-Phythium liqela le-oomycetes elichaphazela inani elikhulu lezityalo. UKUYA Izityalo ezisencinci, ezinje ngezithole, zinokubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiswa kunye nokufa. Kodwa xa sele bebadala, kwaye ukuba basempilweni, kunzima kubo ukuba babangele iingxaki ezinzulu, ngaphaya kweempawu ezithile ezinqabileyo ezinje ngamabala amdaka ambalwa emagqabini.

Kwangokunjalo, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi P. P. oligandrum iintlobo zonakalisa ezinye ii-oomycetes, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa njengearhente yolawulo lwebhayiloji.

Phytophthora

Luhlobo lwe-oomycetes oluhlasela uninzi lweentlobo zezityalo. Zijonge ngqo kwiintlobo abazihlaselayo; Ndiyathetha, ezo ntlobo ze I-Phytopthora banokukhetha uhlobo oluthile lwesityalo.

Umzekelo, P. ramorum ichaphazela ngokukodwa imithi ye-oki, ibangela ukufa; no P. infestans zixhaphakile kwizityalo ezifana neetumato.

Zithini iimpawu kunye nomonakalo abawenzayo?

Iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiintlobo ze-oomycete ezihlasela izityalo. Kodwa ngokubanzi, iimpawu kunye nomonakalo esiya kubona zezi zilandelayo:

• Kumaphepha: amabala atyheli okanye omdaka, umgubo omhlophe, ukuwa ngaphambi kwexesha.
• Esiqwini: chancres, iintanda. Ukufa kwangoko kwamasebe.
• Kwiziqhamo: amabala ansundu okanye amnyama, ukubola kweziqhamo. Rhoqo isiqu esidibanisa namasebe siba mnyama, njengakwitumato.

Baphathwa njani?

Nangona bengengabo ukungunda, banokunyangwa ngeemveliso ezifanayo; Oko kukuthi, ngefungicides. Kodwa ukuze isiphumo sibe kokulindelweyo, kubalulekile ukuba sichaze esi sifo kuqala kwaye sifune unyango olwenzelwe ukunyanga eso sifo.

Enye yezona zicetyiswayo yile ubhedu. I-Cupric fungicides isebenza ngokudibana, kwaye kuxhomekeke kubume bayo inokuba yeyendalo kwaye ke ilungele ukulinywa kwendalo. Iluncedo ngakumbi ekuthinteleni izithole kunye nezityalo ezisencinci, kodwa iyasebenza njengokunyanga.

El Ifosetyl-Al yinkqubo yokubulala ukungunda yenkqubo. Amagqabi ayifunxa, kwaye ukusuka apho ayasasazwa kuso sonke isityalo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukulwa umngundo kunye nePhytopthora. Imveliso eyaziwa kakhulu enolu hlobo ngu-Aliette, waseBayer, okhuthazwayo ngokukodwa umbala we-conifers. Ungayithenga apha.

Ngaba ii-oomycetes zinokuthintelwa?

Njengamaxesha onke xa uthetha ngezinto eziphilayo ze-pathogenic, ayinakuthintelwa nge-100%. Into eyenziweyo kukuthatha uthotho lwamanyathelo anokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Zezi zilandelayo:

• Thenga izityalo ezisempilweni. Ukuba zinamabala amdaka, iziqu ezimnyama, okanye ekugqibeleni imbonakalo imbi, akufuneki ziye ekhaya.
• Amanzi kuphela xa kukho imfuneko. Ukufuma okungaphezulu kwiingcambu kuthoba ubuninzi bezityalo, ngaphandle kwezo zasemanzini.
• Qinisekisa ukuba umjelo womhlaba ulungile, kwaye ufake iinkqubo zokuyiphucula kwimeko yamadama athabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku ukufunxa. Olunye ulwazi.
• Yahlula izityalo ezigulayo kwezisempilweni kangangoko. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba nesithuba esivunyelweyo apho sinokubakho, apho baya kubekwa bodwa de baphucule.
• Kwiimbiza: Sebenzisa ii-substrates ezifanelekileyo zezityalo, kunye nezintsha. Ukongeza, iimbiza kufuneka zicoceke kwaye zibulale iintsholongwane.

Siyathemba ukuba ibikukunika umdla.