Kumaxesha amandulo, omabini amakhowa kunye amakhowa zazigqalwa njengezityalo kuba zazingakwazi ukuhamba. Ukongeza, babenophawu oluqhelekileyo lokuba bakhula emhlabeni. Ngale ndlela, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ziye zafundwa yisayensi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-botany. Njengoko izifundo zebhayoloji zonyukile, kwazeka ukuba amakhowa awanayo i-chlorophyll, ke ngekhe abe kwiqela lezityalo. Kananjalo abayi photosynthesize, ekubeni luphawu oluphambili kuzo zonke izityalo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, inkcazo kunye nomnqweno ngamakhowa.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Indlela eyahlula ngayo amakhowa mandulo yayisekwe kwezinye zeempawu ezibonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba ayinakumiselwa njengesityalo kuba yayingenayo i-chlorophyll kwaye ingenzanga i-photosynthesis, inokufakwa kubukumkani bezilwanyana. Kwangokunjalo, ibingayi kulunga nokuba ulwahlulo aluchanekanga kwaphela. Isisombululo yayikukuhlela ezi ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kubukumkani bokungunda. Le yindlela yokuzalwa komngundo owazalelwa kuwo amakhowa kunye nomngundo. Kobu bukumkani, ngaphezulu kwe-100.000 yeentlobo ezibandakanyiweyo kwaye yenze ukuba kube yimfuneko ukuba isayensi entsha ibonakale ilawula konke ukufunda kwayo. Namhlanje siyazi le sayensi njenge-mycology.
Siza kuhlalutya ngawaphi amalungu ahlukeneyo amakhowa:
- IHymenio: Yinxalenye ebekwe phantsi komnqwazi kwaye inokuthatha iifom ezahlukeneyo. Banokuba ngohlobo lweemakhishithi, iityhubhu, izitina okanye ukusonga. Owona msebenzi uphambili we-hymenium kukwazi ukwenza, ukuphuhlisa, ukugcina nokusasaza zonke iintsholongwane ezinoxanduva lomjikelo omtsha wokubunjwa kwamakhowa. Kufana nokuba yimbewu yesityalo.
- Umnqwazi: ibekwe ezinyaweni kwaye inomsebenzi wokukhusela ukuyilwa kweenhlamvu. Umsebenzi ophambili we-mushroom kukuvelisa kunye nokwandisa uluhlu lwayo. Ndiyabulela kwi-spores oku kunokwenzeka.
- Ipayi: Uphethe ukuphatha i-hymenium kunye nomnqwazi. Kukho amakhowa athile ahlala engenalo unyawo okanye athe ngxi. Kule meko, xa sifumana iinyawo zolu hlobo, kuthiwa zinembonakalo yesessile.
- Buya: Sisiqwengana ngohlobo lwenwebu evela kwisigqubuthelo esijikeleze unyawo kwamanye amakhowa. Ihlala ixhaphake kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo ezinje ngeAmanita kunye neVolvaria, yiyo loo nto igama layo. Ngamanye amaxesha, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-volva inyamalale xa i-mushroom ikhula.
- Khalisa: lelinye inwebu evela ekuqhekekeni kwesikhuselo sangaphakathi. Ayingawo onke amakhowa angenawo. Esi sikhuselo senziwa ngobunzima beentsinga ezincinci kakhulu ngobungakanani obuhle kakhulu obunika uhlobo locingo olugquma kwaye lukhusela i-hymenium.
Indawo yokuhlala yamakhowa
Elona candelo libalulekileyo lamakhowa liphantsi komhlaba kwaye lenziwe ngumnatha wemisonto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mycelium. Ikhabhon ayibalulekanga kwizityalo kuphela, kodwa nakwamakhowa. Njengoko bengenayo i-chlorophyll, banyanzelekile ukuba bafumane ikhabhoni ngokuyikhupha kwizinto eziphilayo, nokuba zizityalo okanye zizilwanyana. Banokuyithatha nakwizinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo emhlabeni.
Maninzi amakhowa abekwe kwiziqu zemithi okanye kwimihlaba etyebileyo ngezinto eziphilayo. Kunqabile ukufumana amakhowa kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nokufuma. Xa zibekwe emithini, siyabona ukuba isixa esikhulu samagqabi afileyo ayawa kwaye amakhowa akhupha ikhabhon kule nto ibolileyo ibolayo.
Zihlala zifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yencasa yazo emnandi, kwaye ezinye zazo zixabiseke kakhulu, ezelona qela lokutya libiza kakhulu emhlabeni. Kufuneka sazi ukuba ayingawo onke amakhowa atywayo, ke kubalulekile ukuba wazi kakuhle ukuba ngawaphi amakhowa ayityhefu.
Amakhowa ayityhefu kwaye ayatyiwa
Ukungafani kakuhle phakathi kwamakhowa esiwafumeneyo kunye nokuqokelela kungasiqinisekisa ngengxaki elungileyo. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba kukho amakhowa atyiwayo afana kakhulu nabanye anetyhefu. Umzekelo, elinye lamakhowa amnandi kakhulu ukuzama yi- i-orenji fly agaric kwaye iyafana kakhulu nekhowa eliyityhefu I-agaric yempukane. Zombini zezodidi olunye, ezibandakanya amanye amakhowa ayityhefu apho.
Kwelinye icala, siyixabise kakhulu i-boletus enokutyiwa eyeyendalo eneentlobo ezimbalwa zezinto ezimbi. Umzekelo, sine itikiti likaMtyholi. Amanye amakhowa kulula ukuba aqaphele njengoko anjalo welo, ii-chanterelles kunye nee-agarics. Ezinye zeentlobo zamakhowa azinabungozi kuphela xa zityiwe zintsha kakhulu kuba ziyakwazi ukubola ngokukhawuleza. Apha sinayo i-clavarias, ii-coprinos kunye ne-morels.
Iintsomi kunye nezinto onomdla kuzo
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezona ntsomi ziphambili kunye nomdla wokuba amakhowa anayo. Zininzi iintsomi ezixelwayo ngala makhowa. Bahlala benenkolelo yokusela ngezinye iimvavanyo onokuzixela ukuba amakhowa ayatyiwa na okanye hayi. Nangona kunjalo, bubungqina obungenakho ukuthethelela ukuba ingaba yikhowa elungileyo okanye hayi. Masibone ukuba zeziphi ezinye zezo mvavanyo:
- Kuthiwa likhowa lihluthwe yimigibe zilungile. Oku kububuxoki ngokupheleleyo, kuba iinkumba zinokutya amakhowa ngaphandle kokufumana monakalo, onokuthi ubulale umntu.
- Enye intsomi yile ezo zinencasa emnandi kunye nevumba elimnandi ziyatyiwa. Kukho amakhowa ayingozi kakhulu anencasa kunye nevumba elimnandi elenza libe nomtsalane ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ziqulathe isixa esikhulu setyhefu.
Singatsho ngokuqukumbela ukuba kufuneka uyazi kakuhle kwaye unamava ngama-mushroom ukuze wazi ukuba yeyiphi na elungileyo nengafanelekanga. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngamakhowa kunye neempawu zawo.