Zeziphi iintlobo zealgae ezikhoyo?

Ukungena kwihlabathi lobulembu kuyonwabisa xa ufuna ukwazi imbali yendalo yezityalo, kwaye kungenxa yokuba i-Kingdom Plantae njengoko siyazi namhlanje, inemvelaphi yayo elwandle. Kwakukho apho, kulwandle olukhulu oluhlamba ubuninzi bomhlaba osamkelayo, apho ubomi bezityalo baqala khona malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-3500 zeminyaka eyadlulayo..

Kwiminyaka emithathu yezigidi kamva, izityalo zokuqala zasemhlabeni ziya kuvela, i iibryophytes. Okwangoku, Iingcali zikwazile ukuchonga iintlobo ezininzi ze-algae, yemigca eyahlukeneyo yemfuzo, okanye ukuba ukhetha njalo, amaqela amakhulu amathathu ezi zityalo: nganye inempawu zayo, kunye nokhetho lwayo ngokubhekisele kwindlela yokuphila.

Yintoni ulwelwe?

Ukuba ukhe waya elunxwemeni, okanye ungomnye wabo bonwabela ukuntywila, ngokuqinisekileyo uye wakwazi ukubona i-algae eyahlukeneyo ngaphezulu kwesihlandlo esinye. Kodwa zintoni ezo? Njengokuba, Zizinto ezinakho ukwenza ifotosinthesize kwaye zifumane ikharbon diokside, eyenza uninzi lweentlobo luhlaza; Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo yenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kwizityalo, kuba azinazo zombini xylem njenge-phloem, oko kukuthi, yeenqanawa ekuhanjiswa ngayo incindi kwaye, ke ngoko, kukutya.

Ukwenza izinto nzima ngakumbi, Unicellular okanye ii-multicellular eziphilayo, inobungakanani obunqabileyo obubonakalayo kwiliso lomntu, okanye umlinganiso ongaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-30. Ke ngoko, mhlawumbi oku kulandelayo kufanele ukubuzwa:

Ukukhanya kuyichaphazela njani i-algae?

Ukukhanya kwelanga kubalulekile kwizityalo ukuze zikwazi ukwenza ifotosinthesis. Ngaba kunjalo kwi-algae? Impendulo nguewe, kuba kunjalo abalinganiswa bethu banee-pigmentynthetic pigments, ezifunxa imitha yelanga evela ngaphandle. Zizinto eziphilayo ze-autotrophic, nangona kukho ezinye ezinokuthi zibe yi-heterotrophic njengoko zingenayo i-pigment, yingakho zixhomekeke kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa kuthekani nge-algae enkulu eyenza amahlathi aselwandle, okanye abo bahlala enzulwini? Bakwabamba nokukhanya kwenkosi yenkwenkwezi, kodwa ngokucacileyo kubuncinane. Ngenxa yoku, ziye zavela zaphuhlisa i-pigment eyongezelelweyo.

Zeziphi iintlobo ze-algae?

I-Algae inokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezininzi: ngokokuba ziyinyani okanye zininzi, ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela abatya ngayo, kwii-pigment ... Ukwenza ukuqonda kwe-algae kube lula, ndithathe isigqibo sokuba ndiwahlule ngokwendlela yabo yokuphila; Oko kukuthi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo apho bakufumana khona ukutya kwabo.

Ke ngoko, nanjengoko besesiphawulile ngaphambili, sine:

Ii-autotrophs zeprokaryotic

Ziyi-cyanobacteria, ekuphela kwebacteria ekwaziyo ukwenza ifotosinthesisi ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka komnye umntu ophilayo. Nangona iiseli zabo zincinci, zincinci, zincinci nje iimicrometer ezimbalwa, zinkulu kunezinye iintsholongwane.

Kukho iingcinga ezahlukeneyo kunye nethiyori malunga nokuba zaqala nini ukubonakala, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba bangayiqala indaleko, ubuncinci iminyaka engama-3500 XNUMX yezigidi eyadlulayo. Emva kwexesha, baya kuvumela izityalo ukuba ziqale ngokwazo, ngenxa yeeplastidi.

Iiplastidi zii-organelles eziguqula amandla elanga abe ngamandla emichiza, into esiyaziyo njengefotosinthesisi. Ke, owona mthi mkhulu kunye nengca encinci inesikhokho esifanayo, ukuze siyibone, kufuneka imicroscope ekhethekileyo.

Ulwelwe Eukaryotic

Ziyi-algae ene-chloroplast, ke yenza i-photosynthesis. Kodwa ngelixa zikhona ezizifumanayo ngokuhlala ngaphakathi kwi-cyanobacterium (into eyaziwa njenge-endosymbiosis), zikhona ezinye ezizifumanayo ngezinye iindlela. Ke, ezi zinokuhlelwa ngokwamaqela amathathu:

I-Primoplantae

Bavela kwi-cyanobacteria. I-algae ye-eukaryotic inodonga lweseli olwenziwe ngeselulose, kwaye imigca emithathu ephambili yahlukile kubo:

• Iiglaucophyteszii-algae ezingacacanga ezihlala emanzini amatsha. Zineeplasta ezibizwa ngokuba ziicianelles, ezinje ngecyanobacteria, kunye neklorofili yendalo iphela (uhlobo a). Zifumaneka emanzini amatsha.
• Ubomvu obomvu: Zingaba zizityalo okanye iiprotheyini, kwaye zizinto eziphilayo ezihlala elwandle ngokubanzi. Banodidi lwechlorophyll.
• I-algae eluhlaza: Uninzi luhlala emanzini amatsha, kwaye zombini zineklorophyll a kunye b.

Ubume beChromophyte

Zizo-algae ezinee-chloroplast ezizifumana ngokuhlala ngaphakathi kwe-algae ebomvu. Ezi kloplastine inwebu ezine kunye neeklorophyll zohlobo a kunye b.

• I-algae emdaka: Zizinto eziphilayo ezininzi kwaye zihlala ikakhulu elwandle. Baliqela elenza amahlathi aphantsi kwamanzi.
• Ingca yolwandle yegolide: zi-unicellular, kwaye zihlala ikakhulu emanzini amatsha.
• I-algae eluhlaza-tyheli: ezi zine-unicellular okanye colonial algae, ezihlala emanzini amatsha.
• Iidatom: zi-unicellular, zasemanzini nangona kukho ezinye ezinamanzi amatsha. Udonga lwayo lwesisele lwenziwe nge-silicon.
• Iifayile ze-Silicoflagellates: Ezi zi-algae zine-unicellular, ezihlala emanzini nasemhlabeni.
• IiHaptophytes: Zizinto eziphilayo ezingafaniyo nezinye ezihlala ziphelela elwandle.
• Iicryptophytes: Zizinto eziphilayo ze-unicellular ezihlala emanzini olwandle.

Amanye amaqela

Kukho amanye amaqela ezinto eziphilayo afumana ii-chloroplast kwi-endosymbiosis kwaye ayinakuphoswa kweli nqaku, njengale:

• I-alhloracne ulwelwe: Ii-unicellular, kwaye ziyavela kwiilwandle ezishushu.
• Euglenidae: Zizinto eziphilayo ze-unicellular protist ezihlala emanzini amatsha.
• Dinoflagellates: ii-chloroplast zayo zifumaneka kwi-algae ebomvu.

Zeziphi izinto ezinokutya?

Ukuba unomdla wokwazi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezithandwayo ze-algae ezityiwayo, lixesha lokuba uphendule umbuzo wakho. Apha sithetha ngezinto ezintathu ezaziwa kakhulu:

IDulse (IPalmaria palmata)

I-Dulse luhlobo lwe-algae ebomvu yemveli kunxweme lweAtlantic kunye nePasifiki. Umbala wayo omhle obomvu krwe nokuhombisa velvety wenza ukuba kube kukutya okukhetheke kakhulu, kwaye ungatyiwa uluhlaza ngaphandle kwengxaki; nangona ingabandakanywa kwiisaladi.

I-spaghetti yolwandle (Himanthalia elongata)

I-spaghetti yolwandle luhlobo lwe-brownweed sifumana kwiindawo ezinamatye nezinzulu zonxweme, phantse rhoqo emanzini amhlophe. Ekhitshini isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuxubana nerayisi, kodwa ikwagqwese kwiisaladi.

Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)

Luhlobo lwentlanzi yaselwandle emdaka leyo uhlala kulwandle lwePacific, apho, umzekelo, amaJapan ayisebenzisa kakhulu ukwenza abadumileyo- kwaye batyebe kakhulu, nge-wayiso miso. Ewe kunjalo, olu didi luthathwa njengenye ye-100 yokungenelela kunye neyingozi emhlabeni yi-International Union yoLondolozo lweNdalo (IUCN).

Ngaba uyazi ezinye iintlobo ze-algae?