Ezikhathini zasendulo, womabili amakhowe kanye amakhowe zazibhekwa njengezitshalo ngoba zazingakwazi ukunyakaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babenesici esivamile sokuthi bakhulela phansi. Ngale ndlela, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziye zafundwa yisayensi eyaziwa njenge-botany. Njengoba izifundo zebhayoloji zanda, kwaziwa ukuthi amakhowe awanayo i-chlorophyll, ngakho-ke awakwazi ukuba seqenjini lezitshalo. Futhi azenzi i-photosynthesize, okuyisici esiyinhloko sazo zonke izitshalo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, incazelo kanye nokufuna ukwazi kwamakhowe.
Izici eziyinhloko
Indlela amakhowe ayehlukaniswa ngayo endulo yayisekelwe kwezinye zezici zawo ezisobala kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ibingenakusungulwa njengesitshalo ngoba ibingenayo i-chlorophyll futhi ingenzanga i-photosynthesis, ibingafakwa embusweni wezilwane. Ngokufanayo, bekungeke kulingane njengoba ukuhlukaniswa bekunganembile ngokuphelele. Isixazululo kwaba ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo embusweni wesikhunta. Yileyo ndlela umbuso wesikhunta owazalwa ngawo amakhowe nesikhunta. Kulo mbuso, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100.000 XNUMX ezifakiwe futhi kwenze kwadingeka ukuthi isayensi entsha ibonakale iphethe konke ukutadisha kwayo. Namuhla le sayensi siyazi njenge-mycology.
Sizohlaziya ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zamakhowe:
- I-Hymenio: Kuyingxenye etholakala ngaphansi kwesigqoko futhi ingathatha amafomu ahlukene. Zingaba ngesimo samashidi, amashubhu, izitini noma ukugoqa. Umsebenzi omkhulu we-hymenium ukukwazi ukudala, ukuthuthukisa, ukugcina nokusabalalisa zonke izinhlamvu ezibhekele umjikelezo omusha wokwakheka kwamakhowe. Kunjengokungathi ziyimbewu yesitshalo.
- Isigqoko: itholakala onyaweni futhi inomsebenzi wokuvikela ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamakhowe ukukhiqiza nokukhulisa ububanzi bawo. Ngenxa yezinhlamvu lokhu kungenzeka.
- Uphayi: Uphethe ukuphatha i-hymenium nesigqoko. Kunamakhowe athile angavamisile ukuba nonyawo noma akhubeke kakhulu. Kulokhu, lapho sithola ezinye izinyawo zalolu hlobo, kuthiwa zinokubukeka kwesessile.
- Buya: Kuyisiqeshana esisezingeni lolwelwesi oluvela kumgubuzelo ojwayelekile futhi oluzungeze isisekelo sonyawo kwamanye amakhowe. Imvamisa kuvame kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo ezinjenge-Amanita neVolvaria, yingakho igama layo. Kwezinye izikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi i-volva inyamalale lapho ikhowe livuthwa.
- Indandatho: yilo lonke ulwelwesi oluqhamuka ekuqhekekeni kwesembozo sangaphakathi esinqunyiwe. Akuwona wonke amakhowe angenawo. Leli khetheni lakhiwe ngenqwaba yemicu emihle kakhulu emincane kakhulu ngosayizi eveza uhlobo locingo olumboza futhi luvikele i-hymenium.
Indawo yokuhlala amakhowe
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yamakhowe ingaphansi komhlaba futhi yakhiwe ngoxhumano lwemicu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mycelium. Ikhabhoni ayibalulekile kuphela ezitshalweni, kepha futhi nakumakhowe. Njengoba bengenayo i-chlorophyll, baphoqelekile ukuthola ikhabhoni ngokuyikhipha ezintweni eziphilayo, noma ngabe kuyizitshalo noma izilwane. Bangayithatha futhi ezintweni zemvelo ezikhona emhlabathini.
Kunamakhowe amaningi atholakala eziqwini zezihlahla noma enhlabathini enothile ngezinto eziphilayo. Akuvamile ukuthola amakhowe emhlabathini ompofu kuzo zombili izinto eziphilayo kanye nomswakama. Lapho zibekwa ezihlahleni, siyabona ukuthi inani elikhulu lamaqabunga afile liyawa futhi amakhowe akhipha ikhabhoni kulokhu okubolayo okubolayo.
Imvamisa zifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yokunambitheka kwazo okumnandi, kanti ezinye zazo ziyaziswa kakhulu, ziseqenjini lokudla elibiza kakhulu emhlabeni. Kumele sazi ukuthi akuwona wonke amakhowe adliwayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi kahle ukuthi yimaphi amakhowe anobuthi.
Amakhowe anobuthi futhi adliwayo
Ukungakuhlukanisi kahle phakathi kwamakhowe esiwatholile futhi sawaqoqa kungaqinisekisa inkinga enhle. Khumbula ukuthi kunamakhowe adliwayo afana kakhulu namanye anobuthi. Isibonelo, elinye lamakhowe amahle kakhulu ukuzama i- i-orange fly agaric futhi icishe ifane nekhowe elinobuthi Fly agaric. Bobabili bohlobo olufanayo, okubandakanya amanye amakhowe anobuthi kakhulu laphaya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sazisa kakhulu i-boletus edliwayo engeyezinhlobo ezinezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezimbi kakhulu. Isibonelo, sinefayela le- Ithikithi likasathane. Amanye amakhowe kulula ukuwabona njengoba enjalo uyabuswa, ama-chanterelles nama-agarics. Ezinye zezinhlobo zamakhowe azinabungozi kuphela uma ziphuzwa zintsha kakhulu ngoba ziyakwazi ukubola ngokushesha. Nakhu esinakho ama-clavarias, ama-coprinos nokuningi.
Izinganekwane kanye nelukuluku
Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izinganekwane eziyinhloko kanye nelukuluku amakhowe analo. Kuningi okuxoxwa ngezinganekwane ngalawa makhowe. Imvamisa banenkolelo yokuphuza ngokuhlolwa okuthile ongakusho uma ngabe ikhowe liyadliwa noma cha. Kodwa-ke, kungubufakazi obungenakuthethelela ukuthi ngabe yikhowe elihle yini noma cha. Ake sibheke ukuthi yikuphi okunye kwalokhu kuhlolwa:
- Kuthiwa yikhowe elidonswa ngeminenke lihle. Lokhu kungamanga ngokuphelele, ngoba iminenke ingadla amakhowe ngaphandle kokulimala, okungaba yingozi kumuntu.
- Enye inganekwane ukuthi lezo ezinokunambitheka okumnandi nephunga elimnandi kakhulu ziyadliwa. Kunamakhowe ayingozi kakhulu anokunambitheka okumnandi nephunga elenza lihehe ngokwengeziwe. Noma kunjalo, aqukethe inani elikhulu lobuthi.
Singasho ekuphetheni ukuthi kufanele wazi kahle futhi ube nolwazi oluthile ngamakhowe ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi okuhle nokungalungile. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngamakhowe nezici zawo.