Konke mayelana nezihlahla

Izihlahla ziyizitshalo ezingakholeki: azisizi nje kuphela (futhi ziyadingeka) ezingadini, kodwa futhi ziyikhaya lezinhlobo nezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Zinikeza umthunzi, izithelo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinhlobo eziningi zinamaqabunga kanye / noma izimbali zihle kakhulu zibukeka njengezinto ezivela endabeni yezingane.

Ngabe ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngezihlahla? Hhayi-ke, ngeke wazi kuphela ukuthi yiziphi izici zayo, kepha uzokwazi nokuthi yiziphi lezo ezingaba semthunzini, eziselangeni, kakhulu, nokuningi.

Izici zesihlahla

Siyini isihlahla?

Into yokuqala okumele siyazi ukuthi isihlahla siyini. Yize kulula ukubona iningi lazo, iqiniso ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi singaba nokungabaza okumbalwa. Yebo, ukuze zixazululwe kumele sazi ukuthi isihlahla kuyisitshalo esinesiqu esinokhuni futhi esikhulisiwe siwugqinsi oluncane (abanye ababhali basungula ubukhulu obuncane obungu-10cm) lawo magatsha aphakama cishe amamitha ama-5 noma ngaphezulu akha umqhele.

Lo mqhele uba minyene ngokwengeziwe njengoba iminyaka ihamba, ngoba umuthi ukhiqiza amagatsha wesibili, futhi wakhiwe ngamaqabunga angaba yinqwaba (onke awela ngenkathi ethile yonyaka, njenge I-Acer palmatumnoma ezingapheli (zingawa futhi zivuselelwe unyaka wonke, noma kungenzeka ukuthi zivuselelwe esikhathini samasonto ambalwa njalo eminyakeni eyi-X, okuyilokho I-Brachychiton populneus).

Ziyini izingxenye zayo?

Izihlahla zakhiwe izingxenye ezine ezahlukaniswe kahle ezi:

• Ifa: zikhula ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngenxa yazo, zinganamathela kahle emhlabathini futhi zidle izakhamzimba ezitholakala enhlabathini.
• Isiqu: yingxenye ephethe indebe. Isendlalelo sangaphandle sibizwa ngokuthi uqweqwe, olungahluka ngobukhulu nombala. Uma lisikwe ngobude, sizobona amasongo wonyaka: umbukiso omkhulu kakhulu iminyaka enhle, enamanzi amaningi nesimo sezulu esimnandi.
  Maphakathi nesiqu sine-heartwood noma inhliziyo, okungamaseli anokhuni afile, nangaphandle komuthi we-sapwood, okuyizindandatho ezilula. Phakathi kwabo, kukhona i-cambium, ehlukaniswe ne-xylem (sapwood ne-heartwood) ne-phloem.
• Cup: yakhiwe ngamagatsha namaqabunga. Inganwetshwa futhi ime mpo, iyindilinga, noma ifulethi.
  • Amagatsha: avela kumamitha amahlanu ukuphakama. Ezihlahleni, igatsha elilodwa elibusayo livame ukuhlukaniswa kalula, futhi yilelo lesibili.
  • Amahlamvu: yizimboni zokudla zezitshalo, ngoba ngazo zingakwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis. Zenziwe ngengxenye engenhla (ingxenye ephezulu) nengxenye engezansi (ingxenye engezansi). Zingaba izinhlobo ezine:
    • Izinaliti: ezimise okwenaliti, mncane futhi zilungile.
    • I-squamiform: banesimo sesikali.
    • I-Pinnatifolias: iqabunga leqabunga lihlukaniswe ngamapheshana, angamaqabunga amancane.
    • Kulula futhi akuhlukanisiwe: iqabunga ngalinye lifakwa egatsheni nge-petiole noma ngesiqu.
  • Izimbali nezithelo: ukuze kuqhubeke lezi zinhlobo, lezi zitshalo zinezakhiwo zokuzala, ezimweni eziningi, ezibukisa kakhulu njengoba zinamacembe amahle 🙂. Noma kunjalo, asikwazi ukukhohlwa ngama-conifers neGinkgo, okuyizitshalo ze-angiosperm futhi ezingakhiqizi izimbali. Ngokuqondene nezithelo, zinokuma okuguqukayo kakhulu nosayizi, okunesisindo kusuka kumagremu ambalwa kuye ngaphezu kuka-200g.

Zihlalaphi izihlahla?

Izihlahla zihlala cishe yonke iplanethi. Kepha sizothola izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezindaweni ezifudumele futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho amazinga okushisa amancane nemvula eningi evumela lezi zitshalo ukuthi zikhule ngokuqhubekayo.

Futhi ukuthi ngaphandle kwamanzi akukho neyodwa ebingasinda. Labo abahlala ezindaweni ezingama savanna, njenge I-Adansonia (I-Baobab) kuye kwadzingeka kutsi itsatse sinyatselo lesikhulu sekuya embili: kulahla emacembe ayo ngesikhatsi lesomile kute yonge emanti. Ngalesi sikhathi, ihlala iphila ngenxa yemithombo yamanzi engaphakathi kwesiqu sayo, yingakho ikhuluphele.

Ngokuya ngezinga lomswakama nezimo zezwe, kanye nezinga lokushisa nobubanzi, sizokwazi ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwehlathi oluzokwenzeka. Njengenjwayelo, ezingxenyeni ezingezansi, eduze kwezintaba, kuzokhula ihlathi lezihlahla eziluhlaza, njenge I-Fagus sylvatica (Beech), ngenkathi ama-conifers azokhula ezingxenyeni eziphakeme kakhulu ezimelana kakhulu nezitshalo ezibandayo.

Bangaki abakhona emhlabeni?

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lapho izihlahla ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu, ezakha izinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-100.000 25, okuyi-380% yazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphilayo esizithola emhlabeni. Zonke zinomsuka ofanayo, izihlahla zakudala ezavela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-XNUMX edlule, ngesikhathi seDevonia.

Ngeshwa, ziyasikwa ngezinga elikhulu. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJulayi 2017, angaphezu kwamahektare angama-2.941 aqedwe amahlathi, ngokusho kwengosi Umhlaba wamamitha.

Ziwusizo kangakanani kubantu?

Imithi ilusizo kakhulu esintwini, njengoba isebenza ku:

• Ukuhlobisa: izinhlobo eziningi zikhiqiza amaqabunga kanye / noma izimbali ezinenani elikhulu lokuhlobisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okunye okungasetshenziswa njenge-bonsai.
• Yakha: izinkuni zisetshenziselwa ukwakha nokwakha ifenisha, amaqhugwane, amathuluzi.
• Umthunzi: ngaphansi kwamagatsha aso singazivikela elangeni, into esebenziseka kalula ehlobo.
• Nelisa indlala: kunezihlahla eziningi ezikhiqiza izithelo ezidliwayo, njengesihlahla samawolintshi noma imandarin.
• Phefumula: nge-photosynthesis, amaqabunga ayo akhipha umoya-mpilo futhi amunca isikhutha. Ngenkathi kungesilo uhlobo lwesitshalo oluvame kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezihlahla amazinga oksijini abengeke abe phezulu ngokwanele ukuba sikwazi ukuphefumula.
• Khonza njengogqozi: Ababhali, abadwebi, ngisho nabakhi bezakhiwo bangakhuthazwa izihlahla ukudala imisebenzi yabo.
• Vimbela ukuguguleka: ngokubambelela izimpande zabo emhlabathini, bavimbela umoya nelanga ekuqedeni umhlaba.

Ukukhethwa kwezihlahla zezingadi

Isihlahla esihlala njalo

Uma ufuna isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza engadini yakho, sincoma okulandelayo:

I-Brachichiton

I-Brachychiton igama lohlobo lochungechunge lwezihlahla ezivela ikakhulukazi e-Australia. Ezinye izinhlobo zaziwa kangcono kunezinye, njenge I-Brachychiton populneus noma i I-Brachychiton acerifolius, kodwa zonke zilungele izingadi zokunakekelwa eziphansi, njengoba bemelana nesomiso uma sesisungulwe kahle.

Njengokungathi lokhu kubonakala kukuncane kuwe, kufanele wazi ukuthi isithwathwa esibuthakathaka esifinyelela ku- -4ºC azibalimazi.

Icitrus

Ama-citrus, njenge ulamula Isihlahla, the isi-mandarin, the Isihlahla samawolintshi, umcako, njll. yizihlahla ezincane ezilungele izingadi namasimu ezithelo ngoba azidluli ku-6m ukuphakama. Izithelo zawo ziyadliwa (noma zingasetshenziselwa ukwenza izitsha zibe mnandi 😉), futhi zinezimbali ezinhle kakhulu ezimhlophe.

Zingakhula cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo, futhi zisekele izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile le -4ºC.

I-Delonix regia (Flamboyán)

El ovuthayo Kuyisihlahla esihle esinomqhele we-parasol odabuka eMadagascar. Ikhula ibe ukuphakama okuphezulu okungu-12m, futhi ikhiqiza izimbali ezibomvu noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Phila kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo, ngaphandle kweqhwa, elangeni eligcwele nangokunikezwa kwamanzi njalo. Okuwukuphela kwento ebuyayo ukuthi izimpande zayo ziyahlasela, ngakho-ke ukugwema izinkinga kufanele itshalwe ebangeni elincane elingamamitha ayi-8 ukusuka emapayipini nokunye.

IMagnolia grandiflora

La IMagnolia grandiflora ngumuthi odabuka e-United States lokho ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-30. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo, ayithathi isikhala esiningi njengoba inesimo sephiramidi. Izimbali enazo zinkulu, zimhlophe msulwa, zihlobisa kakhulu.

Ungayithola ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinamakhaza kuze kufike -6ºC kanye nenhlabathi eneasidi.

Inqabile

Amamephu

Amamephu izihlahla ezikhula ezifundeni ezipholile zomhlaba. Bafinyelela ebangeni eliphakathi kwamamitha ayisithupha kuya kwayi-6, futhi kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kangangokuba kunzima kakhulu ukukhetha eyodwa kuphela. Ezinye zezinto ezaziwa kakhulu yilezi:

• I-Acer palmatum (imephu yaseJapan)
• I-Acer pseudoplatanus (imephu kabhanana mbumbulu)
• I-Acer rubrum (ibalazwe elibomvu)
• I-Acer saccharum
• I-Acer monspessulanum

Uma ufuna ukuba neyodwa, ungaba nayo inqobo nje uma uhlala endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile, esinamakhaza afika ku- -15ºC.

I-chestnut yamahhashi

El I-chestnut yamahhashi, abaziwa izazi zezitshalo njenge I-Aesculus hippocastanum, isihlahla esikhulu esidabuka emazweni aseBalkan. Ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-30, ngomqhele we-7-8m. Ikhiqiza izimbali ezibukisa kakhulu, ezimhlophe, ukuze ngaphandle kokunikeza umthunzi omuhle, entwasahlobo ungazijabulela futhi.

Lesi sihlahla simelana namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku -15ºC, kepha udinga ukuvikelwa elangeni uma zeqa ku-30ºC.

I-cherry yaseJapane

El i-japanese cherry, ogama lakhe lesayensi ngu I-Prunus serrulata, kungumuthi omangalisayo. Abomdabu base-East Asia, ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-5-6. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo, amagatsha awo afihliwe ngemuva kwenqwaba yezimbali eziqhumayo. Kuhle ukuwubona uqhakaza, njalo ngonyaka eJapan baba nomkhosi obizwa ngeHanami, oqukethe ukujabulela ubuhle bawo nabathandekayo bakho.

Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi angafika ku- -15ºC futhi ubukhulu obungama-35ºC.

Haya

El yiba lapho, noma I-Fagus sylvatica, singesinye sezihlahla ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhula ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile seZwekazi Elidala. Ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-30, enengilazi engu-10m. Okuhle kakhulu ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili: inhlobonhlobo ejwayelekile, eneqabunga eliluhlaza, naleyo nsomi, okuyiyona ongayibona esithombeni esingenhla.

Ukuze ube nempilo ephelele udinga, hhayi isikhala esiningi kuphela, kodwa futhi nenhlabathi ene-esidi kancane nokunisela okuvamile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imelana kahle neqhwa kuze kufike -15ºC, kodwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho ngingakutshela ukuthi uma yeqa u-30ºC ukukhula kuyama.

Izintshisakalo ngezihlahla

Kungani amaqabunga ewa?

Ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka (ehlobo ezindaweni ezishisayo, nobusika ezindaweni ezipholile) izihlahla eziningi zivame ukungabi nalutho. Uma lokho kwenzeka, singacabanga ukuthi abasaphili, yize empeleni besizobe sinephutha.

Ukuze baphile ngenkathi eyomile noma ebandayo, bakhetha ukuyeka ukondla amaqabunga. Ukuzinakekela kungadla amandla athe xaxa ngalezo zikhathi zonyaka; izindleko abangeke bakwazi ukuzikhokhela njengoba izimpilo zabo zingaba sengozini.

Kungani amaqabunga eba bomvu, owolintshi noma ophuzi ekwindla?

Izihlahla ezinamakhaza zivame ukushintsha umbala ngesikhathi sekwindla ezindaweni ezipholile zomhlaba. Izakhiwo zomhlaba zinamabala anombala ophuzi, obomvu nowolintshi ngaphambi kokuba iziqu ziphelelwe amahlamvu awo ayigugu. Kodwa kungani?

Ukuthola impendulo kufanele sazi ukuthi yini okuncane kwe-botany: amaqabunga aqukethe chlorophyll, okuyinhlanganisela ebhekele i-photosynthesis, kepha futhi imunca imisebe ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yelanga, ekhombisa amagagasi aluhlaza, yingakho ngesikhathi sokukhula amaqabunga aluhlaza. Okwenzekayo yilokho njengoba kusondela ikwindla nezinsuku ziba mfushane futhi ziya ngokuya zibanda, iyabola futhi kancane kancane ilahlekelwe luhlaza.

Kusuka kokuluhlaza siya kophuzi. Okuphuzi kwe- carotenoids. Lezi zinhlanganisela nazo ziyadingeka ukwenza i-photonsynthesis, kodwa ukumunca imisebe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani, okukhombisa okuphuzi. Lapho nazo ziqala ukunyamalala, amaqabunga aba bomvu, abe yithusi noma abe nsundu.

Ekugcineni, sine- ama-anthocyanins, okuyizinhlanganisela lokho ukumunca imisebe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okotshani futhi kukhombise uhla lwemibala efana nobomvu noma nsomi. Kungakho amabalazwe amaningi abukeka ebomvu ngalesi sikhathi esihle sonyaka.

Benza kanjani i-photosynthesize?

Izimila, kanti futhi nezihlahla, i-photosynthesize ukuze yondle futhi ikhule. Bakwenza kanjani lokho? I-chlorophyll ukumunca ukukhanya kwelanga, kanye ne-carbon dioxide esemoyeni, lesi sitshalo singaguqula usawoti wamanzi namaminerali omuncwe izimpande (ubisi oluhlaza) ube ushukela osetshenzisiwe.

Kepha lokhu kuyinto izihlahla ezinqabayo ezingenakukwenza uma zingenamaqabunga. Kwenzekani-ke? Akukho lutho olubucayi: bahlala bemema ngokubonga izakhamzimba abazigcinile unyaka wonke.

Ayini amarekhodi ezihlahla?

IGinkgo, eyakudala kakhulu

El Ginkgo biloba Uwukuphela kwesihlahla emndenini weGymnosperm, futhi futhi owokuqala kakhulu: umsuka wawo ungalandelelwa Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-270 edlule.

I-Eucalyptus regnans, ende kunazo zonke

Ngubani omunye ongazi kangako ukuthi izihlahla zikagamthilini ziyizihlahla ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu ezifinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, kepha U-Eucalyptus regnans kuyamangalisa ngokwengeziwe uma kungenzeka. Lolu hlobo lwendabuko e-Australia ifinyelela ukuphakama okungafika kumamitha amabili.

I-Pinus longaeva, endala kunazo zonke

Inokukhula okuhamba kancane, cishe amasentimitha ambalwa ngonyaka, kepha akumangalisi ukuthi isimo sezulu sayo sibanda kakhulu unyaka wonke. Noma kunjalo, inesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu, futhi kwatholakala isifanekiso esasine-5000.

I-Baobab, isihlahla esiphilayo

I-baobab yisihlahla esikhula ezindaweni ezingama-savanna. Iyakhula kancane, kepha endaweni lapho imvula iphansi kakhulu ayikwazi ukwenza lukhulu ngonyaka. Into ejwayelekile ukuthi ikhula cishe ngo-5-6cm ngesizini ngayinye, kepha noma kunjalo, kancane kancane ifinyelela esiqwini esinobubanzi obufinyelela kumamitha angama-40, ngaphakathi enezindawo zayo zokugcina amanzi.

Umkhiwane oklinyayo, obaluleke kakhulu

Yize kungesona isihlahla sinjalo, kuyeza isikhathi empilweni yakho ukuthi kufane nesihlahla. Igama layo lesayensi ngu UFicus benghalensis, futhi kuyisitshalo okungekho esinye isitshalo esingathanda ukuba nomngane waso. Lapho imbewu iwela egatsheni lesihlahla, iyamila futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iba nezimpande okuthi lapho zithinta umhlabathi, ziqale ngokoqobo ukuyiklinya..

Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi akwanele ukuthi abulale oyedwa, kepha ukuthi uya komunye, ekugcineni kungathatha indawo engamamitha ayisikwele ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12. Ngaphansi kwezimpande zawo, imikhosi nemicimbi ibanjelwa eNdiya, lapho ivela khona.

IGiant Sequoya, enkulu kunazo zonke

Uma U-Eucalyptus regnans iphakeme kakhulu, i- I-Sequoiadendron giganteum kungumuthi omkhulu kunayo yonke. Ingafika ebangeni elingamamitha angama-80, nesiqu sayo siwugqinsi okungathatha abantu abangaphezu kuka-20 ukuyigona. Futhi kungasimangaza ngokwengeziwe: kutholakale izinhlobo ezineminyaka engama-3200 XNUMX ubudala.

I-bonsai, encane kunazo zonke

Yize kungesona isihlahla esikhula ngokwemvelo, kepha kungumsebenzi owenziwe ngabantu, asikwazanga ukuyeka ukusifaka endabeni. IBonsai ingahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningi, enye yazo ngokuya ngosayizi wayo, okungaba:

• UShito noma uKehitsubo: bonsai hhayi ngaphezulu kwe-5cm ukuphakama.
• umama: kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-15cm.
• UShohin: kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-21cm.
• UKomono: kusuka ku-21 kuye ku-40cm.

Ngakho-ke, iShito bonsai ngokungangabazeki kungaba isihlahla esincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni, noma ngabe sidalwe ngezandla zabantu 🙂.

Futhi ngalokhu senziwe. Siyethemba ukuthi ukuthole kuthakazelisa nokuthi ufunde okuningi ngalezi zitshalo ezinhle eziyizihlahla.