Izitshalo ze-Xerophilic noma izitshalo zasogwadule

Amaqabunga aminyene kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi athambekele ekugoqeni, iziqu eziwugqinsi kanye nemijikelezo ethile enza lezi zitshalo zibe yizindlovukazi zasogwadule. Sikhuluma ngakho izitshalo xerophilic ezaziwa nangokuthi i- izitshalo zasogwadule ngoba leyo ngenye yezindawo zabo zemvelo.

wakhe izitshalo ezikhula ezimeni ezimbi, nge Isimo sezulu esomile nesomile ezidinga ukulungiswa okukhethekile. Funda kabanzi ukuthola ukuthi yini lena nokuthi ivumelane kanjani nemvelo ukuze iphile.

Ziyini izitshalo ze-xerophilic?

Izitshalo ze-xerophytic noma ezimane nje ziyizitshalo ezikhethekile, okungukuthi, izitshalo ezikhule ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo izindlela zokuzijwayeza ukumelana nezimo ezingezinhle lapho zihlala khona njengomswakama ojwayelekile wezingwadule noma ubunzima bokuthola amanzi akhula esihlahleni.

Nakhu ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi njengoba ziguquka izinhlobo ezahlukene ziye zamelana nezinguquko ezithile. Into ehlekisayo ukuthi bangaba ngemindeni ehlukene engahlobeneNgoba ukuphela kwesici ababelana ngaso yilo kanye leli khono lokuzivumelanisa. Yingakho bexazulula izinkinga zemvelo ezibazungezile ngokwakha amasu ahlukahlukene. Sithola izitshalo ze-xerophilic ngamaqembu aqhelelene nama-fern nama-allies, ama-cycads, ama-gnetids, ama-conifers, kanye nenani elikhulu lama-monocots nama-dicot.

Ziyini izitshalo ze-xerophilic?

Njengoba sishilo phambilini, sithola ama-xerophyte kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo, ngoba ziyizinhlobo kuphela ezijwayele isomiso. Njengoba kungenzeki ukwenza uhlu ngazo zonke izinhlobo ezikhona, sizozihlukanisa ngamaqembu amaningi:

Izitshalo ezinoshukela

Zimane nje izitshalo eziqoqa amanzi amaningi ezicutshini zazo. Ngale ndlela, bangahamba isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuthola amanzi, kepha lokhu akulona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Noma kunjalo iningi lama-succulents yi-xerophilic, hhayi bonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ICrassula aquatica kuyisitshalo esimnandi esihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, futhi singumndeni omkhulu wabashukela, I-Crassulaceae. Ubulili ISalicornia Futhi ziyizitshalo ezinomsoco ezihlala zihambisana namanzi, kepha kulokhu ngamanzi anosawoti (ama-halophytes). Phakathi kwalawo angama-xerophyte esiwatholayo futhi, izitshalo ezingahlobene nakancane:

Ama-monocot amnandi

Ngaphakathi kwama-monocot singathola umndeni I-Asparagaceae, umndeni omkhulu wezinambuzane ezinama-monocotyledonous (ezakhiwe cishe kuphela yizitshalo ze-xerophytic) lapho sithola khona izihlahla zedrako (IDracaena spp.), ama-yucca (I-Yucca spp.), i- agave (Agave spp.) Nezinye izitshalo ezifanayo, kanye nezinye izitshalo ezinengxenye enamanzi egqitshwe, njenge-asparagus (I-Asparagus spp.) nezimpande zayo ezinesibindi noma ezinye.

Omunye umndeni obalulekile wama-succulent ngu I-Xanthorrhoeaceae (leyo yenhlaba ne-asphodel). Eminye imindeni ye-monocot, ingxenye emnandi ivame ukungcwatshwa, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuxoxisana ngokuthi kufanele ngabe bathathwe njengamnandi noma cha. Kwezinye, njenge I-Musaceae o I-Araceae abanakho yi-parenchyma enomoya eqoqa umoya ogcwele amanzi, ngakho-ke kukhona nokuxoxisana, kepha akuwona ama-xerophytes.

Ama-dicot amnandi

Ngaphakathi kwama-dicotyledon sinodumo i-cactus (umndeni I-Cactaceae), e crassulaceae (umndeni I-Crassulaceae), e i-euphorbia (ubulili I-Euphorbia, yize kunezinhlobo ezinomsoco nezinye ezingekho), amatshe aphilayo, uzipho lekati nokunye sibongile (Aizoaceae) neminye imindeni eminingi enezinhlobo ezixekethile ezingama-succulent, njenge- AmaSenecios nokufana (ingxenye ye- I-Asteraceae), Asclepiadoides, Pachypodium ne-Adenium (I-Apocynaceae), njll.

Amanye ama-succulent

Futhi sithola izisulu ezimbalwa phakathi kwe- ukuzivocavoca (itshalwa nembewu kepha ingenazithelo), ikakhulukazi uhlobo Efratha namanye ama-cycads. Yize lezi zitshalo zivame ukunganakwa lapho kukhulunywa ngama-succulent, njengoba ama-xerophytes ngokungangabazeki, sizokhuluma ngawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ama-halophytes

Lezi ziyi izitshalo ezijwayele ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinosawoti omningi. Lokhu kwenza abantu abaningi bacabange ukuthi nabo bayabekezelela isomiso, kepha lokhu akumele kube njalo. Impela zikhona izitshalo ze-halophyte nawo angama-xerophytes, anjenge I-Atriplex halimus, i-Suaeda vera, i-Tamarix spp., I-Astrophytum asterias o izitshalo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezisogwini, kepha kubalulekile ungadidanisi i-halophyte ne-xerophyte ngoba ukulungiswa kwehlukile, yize bengazethula zombili ngasikhathi sinye. Ama-halophytes athambekele ekuqongeleleni usawoti, okhuphula ingcindezi yawo ye-osmotic futhi uwavumele ukuthi amunce amanzi anosawoti, lapho edinga khona izindlela eziwavumela ukuthi awakhiphe ngaphandle kokuwengeza kumethabolism yawo. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu kudinga ukunikezwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, njengakuma mangrove noma i-salicornia. Eziningi zalezi zitshalo nazo zinamanzi kodwa azibekezeleli isomiso.

Ama-Epiphyte

I-Las ama-epiphyte Yizitshalo ezimila ngaphezulu kwezinye izihlahla kodwa zithole amanzi zodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi badinga ukulungiswa ukuze bathole amanzi emoyeni. Ama-epiphyte aziwa kakhulu yi bromeliads, ezinokushintshashintsha okubili okuyinhloko: ezinkulu zibeka amaqabunga esimweni sengilazi ukuze aqoqele amanzi emvula futhi awasebenzise kancane kancane. Ezincane (Tillandsia spp.) Zibe nezinwele emaqabungeni adonsa amanzi emvelweni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kuvunyelaniswa kuvumela izinhlobo ezimbili zalolu hlobo ukuba zihlale Ogwadule lwase-Atacama, indawo eyomile emhlabeni.

Amanye ama-epiphyte afana nobulembu ayalala lapho kungekho manzi, esebenza kuphela uma emanzi. Ukuzivumelanisa okuthakazelisa kakhulu nokuhlukile yilokho kwe- I-Myrmecodia noma isitshalo sezintuthwane, okuyi yakha imipheme esiqwini sayo esishubile ukuze izintuthwane zizisebenzise futhi ziziphoce ngokwazo ngenxa yokuzikhipha nokuphefumula kwazo.

Abanye abaningi bamane bathole amanzi abo emswakeni onqwabelana esiqwini sesihlahla abakhula kuso futhi abangadingi ukuba ngama-xerophytes. Ezimweni ezomile lapho kungekho ama-epiphyte, akunzima ukubona i-xerophyte efana nekhiwane, ipheya elihlabayo noma i-agave ekhula emgodini esihlahleni somuthi.

Ama-monocots

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ngaphakathi kwama-monocot kunezitshalo eziningi ezinomsoco (yize kungezona zonke eziyizitshalo ze-xerophytic), kepha-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-xerophytes ezingezona iziphuzo.

Izibonelo ezijwayelekile kakhulu yilezi izintende eqhamuka ezindaweni ezomile, cishe lonke uhlobo Phoenix (lapho sithola khona izintende zeCanarian nezedethi), i-European palmetto (UChamerops uyazithoba), i-washingtonias (IWashingtonia rubusta y IWashingtonia filifera), I-Nannorrhops ritchieana, I-Hyphaene spp, njll.

Utshani obuningi (umndeni I-Poaceae) futhi angama-xerophytes, yize eguqulwe ngokuphelele ukuze akhule nasezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi. Ukujwayela okuyinhloko iningi lazo ukukhulisa nokuthela izithelo ngokushesha, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje ukuthi banamanzi anele. Ezinye zihlala njalo futhi zine-metabolism evumela ukuthi zisebenzise amanzi amancane kakhulu, njengotshani, i-pennisetum noma izintuli ()ICortaderia spp.).

AmaDicotyledons

Ngaphezu kwama-succulent, lapha futhi sithola ama-xerophyte amaningi angenamsoco, njengengxenye enkulu ye-Fabaceae (imifino, njenge-acacias, i-acacias yamanga kanye izihlahlana eziningi zaseMedithera nezingwadule), Lamiaceae (rosemary, thyme ...), Asteraceae (santolina, daisy, ubhekilanga, ...), Malvaceae (mallow, baobabs ...), Fagaceae (holm oak, kermes oak, oki ...) , I-Apiaceae (iparsley nezinye i-umbelliferous), njll. Zonke izindlela ze- isikhuhla saseMedithera futhi okuningi kwe Ihlathi laseMedithera (ngaphandle kwamaphayini, angama-conifers) akhiwa ama-dicotyledon e-xerophilic.

Ama-Gymnosperms

Lapha sithola izitshalo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Amaqembu aphambili ama-gymnosperms yi-conifers, ama-cycads, ama-gnetids kanye ne- Ginkgo biloba. Sithole izitshalo ze-xerophilic kokuthathu kokuqala.

Ngaphakathi ama-conifers, ama-xerophyte abaluleke kakhulu atholakala emindenini I-Pinaceae y Unembeza, ngokuba yimipayini nemisayipuresi ngokulandelana. Imithi (I-Pinus spp.) imvamisa i-xerophilic engaphezulu noma engaphansi, ngezindwangu zayo eziqinile, ezimise okwenaliti ukunciphisa ukuhwamuka. Ngokuvamile, amaphayini aqinile avumela isomiso kangcono kunaleso esilenga, kepha lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinguquko ezinkulu ze-cupresáceas amaqabunga ancishiselwe esikalini ukunciphisa indawo yokuhwamuka kanye nezimpande ezijulile, noma ngabe ezinye izinhlobo kuphela ezingama-xerophytes, cishe cishe lonke uhlobo I-Cupressus (izihlahla zecypress), uhlobo lweJuniperus (amajunipha kanye nemijunipha) nokunye okuningiEzinye ezinjenge-redwoods (i-Sequoia, i-Metasequia ne-Sequoiadendron), izihlahla ze-bald cypress (i-Taxodium spp.) Ne-sugis (i-Cryptomeria japonica) yizitshalo ezidinga ukunikezwa njalo kwamanzi.

Kuma-cycads sithola ikakhulukazi izitshalo ezishisayo, ezinesici esiphakathi nendawo phakathi kokhuni nomuthi wesundu. Ezinye zazo, ezifana nobulili I-Encephalartos, zimelana nesomiso esiningi ngamaqabunga awo aqinile anamapheshana acwebezelayo (ahlala ehlangene ngamaqabunga) neziqu zawo ezijiyile zigcwele amanzi. Zingathathwa njengezinomsoco.

Ama-Gnetids ayiqembu elihlukahlukene futhi elingavamile. kwakhiwa i-gymnosperm ekhuphuka eyingqayizivele (IGnetum spp.), ukuphela kwesitshalo esikhula ngokwelula amaqabunga aso amabili kuphela (I-Welwitschia mirabilis) kanye utshani obuhlangene (i-Ephedra spp.). Ama-xerophytes amabili okugcina kuphela, futhi i-ephedras nayo ingabhekwa njengemnandi. I-Welwitschia isitshalo sangempela sogwadule, esetshenziswa kakhulu ogwadule lwaseNamib, lapho ithola khona amanzi ngenxa yamazolo anqwabelana emaqabungeni awo amabili amakhulu. Uma kwenzeka kuba Efratha, zihlotshaniswa nendawo yaseMedithera, yize singabathola nakwezinye izingwadule kanye nasemahlane asogwadule aseNyakatho Melika. Alinawo amaqabunga, futhi lineziqu eziluhlaza ezikhula ngezigaba.

Izitshalo ezikhiqiza izinhlamvu

Lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo (amaferns, ubulembu ...) cishe zihlala zihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezinomswakama kakhulu, kepha ngokumangazayo kunezinhlobo ezimila ezingwadule. Ngisho nalabo abahlala kulezi zindawo abakwazi ukugcina amanzi. Lokhu kuyabaphoqa ukuthi bangene isimo sokuphumula kuze kufike izimvula. Isibonelo esijwayelekile yi-rose yamanga yaseJeriko, I-Selaginella lepidophylla, i-clubmoss egcwele ogwadule lwaseChihuahuan. Iningi lalezi zitshalo ezimangalisayo amila emthunzini wamatshe, lapho umswakama ugcinwa khona isikhathi eside ngemuva kwezimvula. Noma kunjalo, I-xerophilous selaginella ikhula emadwaleni, lapho kushiswa khona ilanga elishisayo. Iningi lomndeni we-fern I-Pteridaceae Iqukethe izitshalo ze-xerophytic ezihlala ezingwadule zaseNyakatho Melika.

Esinye isibonelo mhlawumbe esingajabulisi kangako yiziningi ubulembu be-epiphytic ezimila emahlathini aseMedithera. Lezi zitshalo ziveza ukujwayela okufanayo, zihlala zingasebenzi futhi zomile ngokusobala futhi zifile kuze kufike amanzi bese zinika amanzi. Imvamisa zikhula ebusweni benyakatho yezihlahla, lapho ilanga lingavami ukukhanya futhi umswakama uqoqana ngokwengeziwe.

Izindlela zokujwayela izitshalo ze-xerophilic

Ukumelana nezimo zesomiso, lezi zitshalo zenze izindlela ezahlukahlukene esingazibeka ngamaqembu amabili:

Ukuguqulwa komzimba

Abanye Ukushintshwa kwezitshalo ze-xerophilic kungokomzimba, njengalezo abazizuzile ukunciphisa ukujuluka nge-cuticle noma bavala i-stomata lapho ukushisa kuphezulu ngokweqile ukuze kugwenywe ukulahleka okukhulu kwamanzi. Kukhona imetabolism ekhethekile ebizwa nge-CAM ejwayelekile yama-succulents, yize kungewona wonke anayo. I-CAM imele i-Acid Metabolism yeCrassulaceae. Leli gama linikezwe ngoba litholwe ku-crassulaceae, kepha i-cacti nezinye izitshalo eziningi zinayo futhi. Ngamafuphi, lokho abakufezayo ngaleyo metabolism kuyinto buthelela amandla elangeni emini bese uqeda i-photosynthesis ebusuku. Ngale ndlela akudingeki ukuthi bavule i-stomata emini, bonge wonke amanzi angahwamuka.

Futhi kuyizimo zomzimba ezifana nezika-ferns nokunye okunjalo, okuyisimo sokulala kuze kufike imvula.

Ukuguqulwa komzimba

Kwezinye izimo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kukhona morphological futhi kulapho lesi simo sibonakala kakhulu njengoba kungabonakala ngeso lenyama. Izitshalo eziningi ze-xerophilic zine-morphology ephawulekayo esitshalweni sonke noma kwezinye izingxenye zayo. Kuvamile ukuthi babe nazo amahlumela aminyene, amaqabunga embozwe ngama-wax noma izinwele nezinwele ukuze umelane nokushiswa yilanga ngokweqile. Ngale ndlela, bakhiqiza indawo ebanda futhi enomswakama maphakathi nesitshalo. Enye i-morphology ejwayelekile izitshalo ze eyindilinga noma isiguqo ukubukeka lokho kuzuza imiphumela efanayo. Vele, lokhu kufaka namaqabunga avuvukile kanye / noma neziqu zama-succulents ukuqoqa amanzi. Okunye ukujwayela okujwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi kube namaqabunga e-sclerophyllous (hard) noma amise okwenaliti ukunciphisa ukuhwamuka.

Ucabangani ngezitshalo ze-xerophytic? Ngazo ungakha izingadi ze-xerophilous, lapho izitshalo sezilungisiwe akudingeki ukuthi kuniselwe futhi wonke amanzi asetshenzisiwe. Yize kulezi zingadi, kungcono ukusebenzisa izitshalo zomdabu.