Iyini futhi iyini imifula yehlathi le-laurel?

Uke wezwa nge-laurisilva? Kuleplanethi esiphila kuyo sithola imvelo eyahlukene, ngayinye inezimo zayo zokuphila, futhi ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele futhi esinomswakama zihlala ezitshalweni ezithile. Eziningi zazo zitshalwe ezingadini, ngoba azigcini ngokuba nenani elikhulu lokuhlobisa, kepha futhi zivumelanisa kahle nezindawo ezahlukahlukene.

Ngakho-ke uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izici zamahlathi ama-laurel, lapho atholakala khona, yiziphi izimbali ezihlala kuzo, nokunye okuningi, ungaphuthelwa lokhu okuthunyelwe.

Uyini umsuka wehlathi le-laurel?

Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 eyedlule, izindawo eziningi ezishisayo zomhlaba zazakhiwe yihlathi le-laurel. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokho esikwaziyo namuhla njengesizinda saseMedithera, i-Eurasia neNyakatho-ntshonalanga Afrika sasijabulela isimo sezulu esifudumele kakhulu kunanamuhla, futhi izimbali ezazikhona kukholakala ukuthi ziyafana kakhulu namahlathi akhona aseMacaronesia.

Lapho izinkathi zeqhwa zenzeka, ekupheleni kwaleyo nkathi kanye nengxenye yeQuaternary, izigqoko zase-polar zandiswa, ngakho amazinga okushisa ehla emhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela kususwa izimbali ezisenkabeni naseningizimu yeYurophu ziya ezifundeni eziseNingizimu, ngasogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika naseziqhingini zaseMacaronesia.

Ekupheleni kwesikhathi seqhwa, izingwadule zaseNyakatho Afrika zaqala ukusabalala, ukuze izimbali kulezi zindawo zishintshwe kancane kancane esikhundleni sazo ezazikwazi ukumelana kangcono nesomiso. Ngakho-ke izitshalo zaseMedithera zaqala ukuvela kwazo.

Kodwa izimbali zemfundo ephakeme zaseMacaronesia zazifuna ukubuyisa indawo yazo elahlekile, yize kwakungelula ngabo- Isimo sezulu sifudumele futhi siyomile kunangesikhathi se-Tertiary Era, ngakho-ke wawungenakho okunye ongakwenza ngaphandle kokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Njengamanje, lezi zinguquko zivumele izinhlobo ezihlukile ukuthi ziguquke, ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile kuphela.

Izici

Ihlathi le-laurel, elibizwa nangokuthi ihlathi elipholile noma ihlathi le-laurel, wuhlobo lwehlathi lamafu elinesimo sezulu esishisayo; okungukuthi, yizindawo ezinomswakama ophakeme, ezifudumele, futhi ezinamakhaza amnene kakhulu noma angekho. Izinkathi ezine zonyaka ziyachazwa, yize ukwehluka kwaminyaka yonke kwezinga lokushisa kukala ngokulingene. Futhi uma sikhuluma ngezimvula, ziningi futhi zisatshalaliswa kahle, okuthile okusho ukuthi ayikho inkathi eyomile ekhuluma kahle.

Lezi zimo zenzeka ezifundeni ezilandelayo:

• iziqhingi ezisendaweni ephakathi kuka-25 no-40º South latitude: njengase-Canary archipelago, Madeira, Wild Islands, Azores naseCape Verde.
• imingcele esentshonalanga nentshonalanga phakathi kwama-40º no-55º ebangeni: ogwini lwaseChile, kusukela eValdivia kuya eningizimu yezwekazi.
• Umkhawulo waseMpumalanga wamazwekazi phakathi kuka-25º no-35º latitude: eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil, i-Argentina, iParaguay ne-Uruguay.

Injani iCanary Island laurel?

Luhlobo lwehlathi elishisayo elitholakala kwezinye iziQhingi zaseCanary. Kubonakala ngokuba ne- inhlabathi ejulile, imvula ephakathi kuka-500 no-100mm, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-15 no-19ºC.

Umsuka wayo sizowuthola ezikhathini zemfundo ephakeme, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi yayisakazeka engxenyeni enkulu yolwandle lwaseMedithera, kepha izinguzunga zeqhwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi nangesikhathi seQuaternary zazisusa ezindaweni ezifudumele, njengeNyakatho Afrika neMacaronesia. Lapho amazinga okushisa eqala ukubuya, asakazekela ezingwadule zaseNyakatho Afrika.

Kuze kube namuhla, ngelinye lamahlathi elihlangabezane nokuguquka okuncane kokuvela kwemvelo, ukuze ihlathi laseCanarian laurel libe ngelinye lamagugu emvelo aseYurophu. Empeleni, ngenxa yalokho iye yamukelwa yi-UNESCO: IGarajonay National Park yamenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yamagugu Kazwelonke ngo-1981 kanye neWorld Heritage Site ngo-1986; iCanal neLos Tilos de la Palma, zamenyezelwa njengeBiosphere Reserve ngo-1983; kanti i-Anaga Rural Park, eTenerife, iyiBiosphere Reserve.

Izintshisekelo zehlathi le-laurel laseTenerife

Lowo iTenerife anayo muhle. Ukuvakashela amahlathi e-Anaga naseTeno, i-Aguagarcía ne-Tigaiga massifs kufana nokuhambela esikhathini esedlule, ikakhulukazi eThertiary. Azikaze zishintshe lutho selokhu zaqala, ngakho-ke akunzima ukuthola umbono wokuthi i-laurel kufanele ukuthi yayinjani ngenkathi isezingeni eliphakeme.

Izitshalo ezinjenge-viñátigo, i-orange yasendle, i-heather noma i-willow, phakathi kwezinye, zikhula ezintabeni zalesi siqhingi, ziziphendule izindawo ezibukekayo.

Ziyini izimbali zehlathi le-laurel?

Yize ihlathi le-laurel lisho ihlathi le-laurel ngesiLatini, iqiniso liwukuthi izitshalo esingazithola kulezi zindawo akuzona nje ama-laurels; yebo kungaba khona, kepha ngaphezu kwalezi zihlahla / izihlahla okukhona yizimbali zohlobo lwe-lauroid. Lokhu kusho ukuthi afana neLaurus, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga awo.

Futhi ngukuthi, uma uyisitshalo uma ufuna ukusinda kufanele ugweme umswakama oweqile, okuyilokho okwenziwa yiLaurus: uma uke waqaphela, uzobe ukubonile lokho amaqabunga awo anesikhumba, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ambozwe ungqimba lwe-wax, okwenza zihlale zomile naphezu komswakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bane-mucron ye-apical ethanda ukuconsa, ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu ukuhlala uphilile kahle kulezi zimo.

Izitshalo zohlobo lweLauroid zinamasu athakazelisayo kakhulu okusinda. Futhi hhayi kuphela engisanda kukutshela ngakho, kepha nabanye, njenge:

• Ukukhula kwe-Lianoid: ziningi ezikhula zincike kanye / noma zizibophele ngeziqu nasemagatsheni ukuze zikwazi ukuthwebula ukukhanya kwelanga ngangokunokwenzeka.
• I-Epiphytism: okunye abakwenzayo ukuhluma futhi kumile emagatsheni ezihlahla noma ezitshalweni ezinkulu.

Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngendawo, futhi ikakhulukazi i-hemisphere, amahlathi we-laurel azohlalwa yi:

INyakatho Nenkabazwe

Okuvame kakhulu yilezi:

• UshushisoUhlobo lohlobo lwezihlahla eziluhlaza oluvela eNeotropics, Southeastern USA, East nase Southeast Asia, naseziqhingini zaseMacaronesia. Zingafinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-15 kuya kwangama-30, zikhiqize izithelo ezivame ukudliwa. Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu yi IPersea americana (ukwatapheya noma ukwatapheya).
• Prunus: luhlobo lwezihlahla ezinamakhaza noma ezihlale ziluhlaza nezihlahlana ezifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha amane kuya kwayi-4. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhiqiza izithelo ezidliwayo, njenge UPrunus armeniaca (ibhilikosi), I-Prunus dulcis (i-alimondi) noma I-Prunus persica (isihlahla sepentshisi). Bona ifayela.
• UMaytenus: luhlobo lwezihlahla ezincane noma izihlahlana, ikakhulukazi ezomdabu eMelika, kepha futhi naseNingizimu Asia, e-Afrika, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCanary Islands, nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ethiopia. Bafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphakathi kwamamitha amahlanu kuya kwayi-5.
• I-Ocotea: uhlobo lohlobo lwezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza nezihlahlana zomdabu waseMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, iWest Indies, ne-Afrika kubandakanya neMadagascar. Bafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphakathi kwamamitha amane kuya kwayi-4.
• ilex: luhlobo lwezihlahlana noma izihlahla eziluhlaza oluhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele zasenyakatho nenkabazwe. Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu yi Ilex aquifolium (holly).
• I-Quercus: luhlobo lwezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza noma ezinamakhaza ezidabuka eYurophu, eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ezivame ukufika ezindaweni eziphakeme ezifika kumamitha angama-20
• ULaurus: uhlobo lwe-shrub oluhlala luhlaza noma isihlahla esidabuka esifundeni saseMedithera. Ingafinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ama-5 kuye kwayi-10.
• Amafeni: ziluchungechunge lwezitshalo ezivela ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama zomhlaba, ezingakhula njengezitshalo eziphansi (iningi) noma njengezihlahlana (UDicksonia, Blechnum, njll.).

Iningizimu yezwe

Ngaphezu kwalezo esizobona enyakatho Nenkabazwe, ama-conifers akhethekile ayakhula, njenge:

• I-Araucaria: luhlobo lochungechunge lwama-conifers azalelwa eNingizimu Melika, eNorfolk Island, empumalanga ye-Australia naseNew Guinea. Zingafinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-20 noma ngaphezulu. Bona ifayela.
• I-Nothofagus: uhlobo lohlobo lwezihlahla ezaziwa njenge-beech eseningizimu edabuka e-Australia, eNew Zealand, eChile, e-Argentina, eNew Guinea naseNew Caledonia. Bona ifayela.

Sinjani isimo sakho njengamanje?

ILaurisilva ilinyazwa kakhulu ngabantu. Yize izinhlobo ezikhula kuwo ngokuvamile ziqinile futhi zinamandla, ingcindezi eyisekelayo inkulu kakhulu. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kungaba ukufaka uthango noma ukutshala ezinye izinhlobo "eziwusizo kakhulu", kubhubhisa amahlathi emhlabeni jikelele, ebeka engozini inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane.