Sainzi yebotany inyika yese. Zvingave izvo zvemhando imwe chete yezvinomera, zvienzaniso zvose zvinoratidzika zvakafanana kwatiri. Asi zvakadaro, kune varume, vakadzi uye kunyange hermaphrodite zvinomera. Zvino mubvunzo mukuru: Ungaziva sei kana chirimwa chiri murume kana mukadzi?
Uyu mubvunzo wakakosha zvikuru, kunyanya panyaya yekurima. Kuti ikubatsire, tichazotaura nezvebonde remiti, nzira yekusiyanisa vakadzi uye kuti zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti miriwo iende pabonde.
Bonde rezvirimwa
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti miti yakawanda ine varume nevakadzi. Zvakadaro, kune zvimwe zvidhori zvakapatsanurwa bonde. Kureva kuti ivo vakadzi kana kuti varume. Mumhuka dzine vertebrates (zvinoyamwisa, zvinokambaira, hove neshiri) musiyano wakakosha wawanikwa pakati pemakromosome epabonde evarume nevakadzi. Vanhukadzi vanogara vaine XX chromosomes, nepo varume vane XY chromosomes. Aya machromosome akatsvakwawo mumiti, asi ivo vakangowanikwa mumhando shoma shoma: nyarara broadleaf, humulus lupulus, Cannabis sativa, Asparagus officinalis y Rumex acetose, pakati pevamwe.
Kana zvasvika pakuronga zvirimwa zvinoenderana nebonde ravo, tinogona kutaura zvakanyanya nezvemurume, mukadzi uye hermaphrodites. Zvakadaro, nyika yemiti ine marudzi akawanda, kunyange kana zvasvika kune zvepabonde. Saka, kuitira kuti tive zvakanyatsojeka, tichazotsanangura kuti ndeapi marudzi emiti aripo maererano nehutano hwavo.
zvepabonde monomorphic zvinomera
Mune zvepabonde monomorphic zvinomera nhengo dzose dzechirume nedzechikadzi dzinogona kuwanikwa. Haisisiri uye haisi pasi pe75% yemiti yose inozivikanwa nhasi. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, tinogona kusiyanisa marudzi akasiyana ezvepabonde monomorphic zvinomera:
- Hermaphrodites: Miti yeHermaphrodite ine nhengo dzechirume nedzechikadzi muruva rimwechete. Vanomiririra 90% yemiriwo yemaruva, yakadai seyakakurumbira roses.
- Monoecious: Zvidyarwa zveMonoecious zvine maruva ese echirume neechikadzi pamuenzaniso mumwechete. Iwo 5% yemiti inotumbuka uye akawanda gymnosperms chikamu chavo, senge Pine miti.
- Gynomonoecious: Havana mbereko yevarume. Vane maruva echikadzi uye hermaphrodite.
- Andromonics: Havana mbereko dzechikadzi. Vane maruva emurume uye hermaphroditic.
zvepabonde polymorphic zvinomera
Kana tichitaura nezvepabonde polymorphic zvinomera, tinoreva izvo Vane zvose varume nevakadzi mienzaniso. Vanomiririra 25% yemiriwo yose inozivikanwa nevanhu uye, sezvakaitwa kare, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nemamiriro emhando imwe neimwe:
- Dioecious: Dioecious zvinomera zvine zvienzaniso zvevakadzi vakasiyana. Kureva kuti vamwe ndevechirume vamwewo vakadzi. 5% yemiti yemaruva ndeyeboka iri, uyewo mamwe magymnosperms, akadai se Rukato.
- Gynodioecious: Zvirimwa zveboka regynodioecious zvine zvienzaniso zvechikadzi uyewo hermaphrodite specimens. Mienzaniso miviri yerudzi urwu ingave zvirimwa plantago lanceolata y silene vulgaris.
- Androdioic: Muchiitiko ichi, zvinomera zvine mimwe mienzaniso yevarume uye imwe hermaphrodite specimens. Zvisinei, rudzi urwu rwakanyanya kushomeka.
Ndinoziva sei kana ndine chirimwa chechirume kana chikadzi?
Nzira yekuziva sei kana chirimwa chiri murume kana mukadzi chakakosha pakurimwa kwayo, nekuti mune dzimwe nguva muriwo wechikadzi chete ndiwo unonakidza. Kazhinji, munyika yezvirimwa, hafu yembeu inowanzova murume uye imwe hafu yevakadzi. Naizvozvo, 50% chete ndiyo ichave yakakosha kumunda wako. Nekuda kwekufambira mberi muruzivo rwemajini ezvirimwa, nhasi zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa varume kubva kuvakadzi vezvirimwa.
Kuti tisiyanise mbesa dzechirume nedzechikadzi, tinofanira kuziva kuti ndedzipi nhengo dzinodzisiyanisa. Kana iri mbesa dzechirume, idzi dzine mastameni ane mukume mumaruva. Pane kudaro, zvirimwa zvechikadzi zvine ma carpels kana mazai anotsigira pistil. Kamwe primordia yenhengo dzemaruva inotanga kukura, nhengo dzechikadzi dziri pakati pemeristem dzakanyanya kuduku mumiti yevarume, asi kwete.
Pane kudaro, muzvirimwa zvechirume nhengo dzechirume dzakakura zvakanyanya. apo muzvinomera zvechikadzi mavambo enhengo dzechirume anoderera apo nhengo dzechikadzi dzinokura.
Zvirimwa zvinotora nguva yakadii kuita bonde?
Panguva yekugadzirwa kwemiriwo, pane zvikamu zviviri zvavanopfuura nazvo:
- Vegetative phase: Mucherechedzo unokura usingakwanise kusiyanisa bonde raunenge uri.
- Chikamu chemaruva: Iyo sampuli inomira kukura uye inoisa simba rayo rose mukugadzira maruva, nekudaro ichigadzira nhengo dzayo dzepabonde.
Tsika, mushure memavhiki matanhatu ndipo apo zvimwe zvirimwa zvinotanga kuratidza phenotypic maitiro izvo zvinogona kuratidza bonde kwavari kunyangwe vasati vagadzira maruva avo echirume kana echikadzi.
Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu rwakabatsira kwauri mukutsvaga nzira yekuziva kana chirimwa chiri murume kana mukadzi.