Xerophilic zvirimwa kana zvinomera zvegwenga

Mashizha akakora kwazvo ayo mune dzimwe nguva anokombama, makwenzi makobvu uye mashoma emakondohwe anoita izvi zvinomera mambokadzi erenje. Tinotaura nezvazvo xerophilic zvirimwa ayo anozivikanwa zvakare se miti yemurenje nekuti ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzavanogara.

Mwanakomana zvirimwa zvinokura zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu akashatane mamiriro ekunze uye akaoma izvo zvinoda kuchinjika kwakakosha. Verenga pamusoro kuti uone kuti izvi ndezvipi uye kuti zvakagadziriswa sei nharaunda kuti vararame.

Chii chinonzi xerophilic plants?

Xerophytic kana kungoti xerophytic zvirimwa zvakasarudzika zvirimwa, ndiko kuti, zvirimwa izvo mukushanduka kwavo kwese zvave kukura maitiro ekugadzirisa ekumira nemamiriro akashata mavanorarama seyakajairika kuoma kwemagwenga kana kunetsekana kuwana mvura ichikura pamuti.

Aya ndiwo maringe nekufamba kwenguva uye sezvavanoshanduka mhando dzakasiyana dzave kuramba kubva kune dzimwe shanduko. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti vanogona kuve vemhuri dzakasiyana dzisina hukamaNekuti hunhu chete hwavanogovana ndizvozvo kugona uku kuchinjika. Ndokusaka ivo vachigadzirisa matambudziko enharaunda anovatenderedza nekugadzira akasiyana marongero. Isu tinowana xerophilic zvirimwa mumapoka ari kure kunge ferns uye vanobatana, cycads, gnetids, conifers, uye hombe nhamba yemamonokoti uye dicots.

Chii chinonzi xerophilic plants?

Sezvatakambotaura, tinowana xerophytes mumarudzi ese ezvinomera, nekuti iwo chete marudzi akashanduka kuti asanaya. Sezvo zvisingaite kuita rondedzero nezvose zvipenyu zviripo, tiri kuzozvipatsanura mumapoka akati wandei:

Succulent zvirimwa

Izvo zviri nyore zvirimwa zvinounganidza mvura yakawanda mumatumbu avo. Neiyi nzira, vanogona kazhinji kutora nguva yakareba vasina kupihwa mvura, asi izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi nguva dzose. Kunyangwe huwandu hwakawanda hwevanotapira vane xerophilic, havasi vese. Semuyenzaniso, crassula aquatica chirimwa chinotapira chinogara munzvimbo dzine hunyoro, uye chiri chemhuri huru yevanotapira, Crassulaceae. The chechikadzi salicornia Izvowo zvinomera zvinonaka zvinorarama zvine hukama nemvura, asi mune ino mvura yemunyu (halophytes). Pakati peaya ari xerophytes atinowana zvakare, zvirimwa zvisina hukama zvachose:

Succulent mamonokoti

Mukati memamonokoti tinogona kuwana mhuri Asparagaceae, iyo huru mhuri yemamonocotyledonous succulents (akaumbwa anenge chete ne xerophytic zvinomera) kwatinowana iyo shato miti (Dracaena spp.), yucca (Yucca spp.), iyo agave (Agave spp.) Uye zvimwe zvirimwa zvakafanana, pamwe nezvimwe zvirimwa zvine chikamu chinonaka chakavigwa, senge asparagus (Asparagus spp.) neayo tuberous kana imwe ine bulbous midzi.

Imwe mhuri yakakosha yeaucculents ndeye Xanthorrhoeaceae (iya yemaruva uye asphodel). Mune mamwe ese emhuri dzemamonokoti, chikamu chinonaka chinowanzo kuvigwa, saka pane hurukuro pamusoro pekuti inofanirwa kutorwa seinonaka here kana kuti kwete. Mune vamwe, se Musaceae o Araceae izvo zvavanazvo ndeye airy parenchyma iyo inounganidza mvura-yakazara mweya, saka kune zvakare hurukuro, asi iwo haasi xerophytes.

Succulent dicots

Mukati medicotyledons isu tine vane mukurumbira cactus (mhuri cacti), pa crassulaceae (mhuri Crassulaceae), pa euphorbias (murume kana murume Euphorbia, kunyangwe paine marudzi anonaka uye mamwe asiri), matombo mapenyu, nzwara dzekatsi nezvimwe aizoaceae (Aizoaceae) nedzimwe mhuri dzakawanda dzine mhando dzakasununguka dzinotapira, senge Senecios uye yakafanana (chikamu che asteraceae), Asclepiadoides, Pachypodium uye Adenium (Apocnaceae), nezvimwewo.

Zvimwe zvinotapira

Isu takawanawo mashoma mashoma anonaka pakati pe gymnosperms (inodyara nembeu asi isina michero), kunyanya jenasi Efrita uye mamwe cycads. Kunyangwe izvi zvinomera zvisingawanzo hanya kana uchitaura nezve zvinotapira, sema xerophytes ivo pasina mubvunzo, isu tichataura nezvavo gare gare.

Halophytes

Izvi ndizvo michero yakashandisirwa kugara munzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwemunyu. Izvi zvinoita kuti vanhu vazhinji vafunge kuti ivo zvakare vanotsungirira kusanaya kwemvura, asi izvi hazvifanirwe kunge zvakadaro. Ichokwadi kuti varipo halophyte zvirimwa ayo ari zvakare xerophytes, akadai se Atriplex halimus, Suaeda vera, Tamarix spp., Astrophytum asterias o zvakawanda zvezvirimwa zvegungwa dune ecosystems, asi zvakakosha usavhiringidze halophyte ne xerophyte sezvo kuchinjika kwakasiyana, kunyangwe ivo vachigona kuunza zvese panguva imwe chete. Halophytes inowanzo kuunganidza munyu, uyo unomutsa yavo osmotic kumanikidza uye unovatendera kuti vanwe mvura yemunyu, iyo yavanoda nzira dzinovatendera kuidzinga vasina kuwedzera kune yavo metabolism. Muzviitiko zvakawanda izvi zvinoda kuenderera nekuwaniswa mvura, semumangrove kana salicornia Mazhinji ezvinomera izvi anotapirawo asi haashiviriri kusanaya kwemvura.

Epiphytes

ari epiphytes Izvirimwa zvinomera pamusoro pemimwe miti asi zvinowana mvura zvega. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanoda magadzirirwo ekuti vawane mvura kubva mumhepo. Epiphyte dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndidzo bromeliads, iyo ine miviri mikuru inogadziriswa: makuru acho anoisa mashizha muchimiro chegirazi kuunganidza mvura inonaya uye kuishandisa zvishoma nezvishoma. Iwo madiki (Tillandsia spp.) Iva nevhudzi pamashizha anotora mvura kubva kunharaunda. Sezvineiwo, uku kuchinjika kunotendera maviri marudzi eiyi geni kuti agare muAtacama Desert, nzvimbo inonyanya kuoma pasi.

Mamwe epiphyte akadai semasosi anononoka kana pasina mvura iripo, inoshanda chete kana yakanyorova. Iyo inonakidza kwazvo uye yakasarudzika adapta ndeye iyo myrmecodia kana chirimwa chemasvosve, icho inoumba maberere munzvimbo dzayo dzakakora kuti masvosve ashandise uye azvidiridze ega nekutenda kwavo uye kufema.

Vamwe vazhinji vanongotora mvura yavo kubva kuhunyoro hunoungana mudanda remuti mavari kukura uye haidi ma xerophytes. Mumamiriro ekunze akaomarara pasina maepiphyte, hazvina kuoma kuona xerophyte yakaita seye muonde, peya inonwisa kana agave ichikura mugomba riri mudanda remuti.

Monocots

Sezvatakambotaura, mukati memamonokoti mune akawanda anonaka zvinomera (kunyange hazvo asiri ese ari xerophytic zvinomera), zvisinei, kunewo akawanda marudzi e xerophytes asina kukakavara.

Iyo mienzaniso chaiyo ndeye chanza ichibva kunzvimbo dzakaoma, kunge angangoita ese marudzi Phoenix (kwatinowana maCanarian nemichindwe), European palmetto (Chamaerops anonyadzisa), washingtonias (Washingtonia rubusta y Washingtonia Friifera), Nannorrhops ritchieana, Hyphaene spp., nezvimwewo.

Hwakawanda huswa (mhuri poaceae) zvakare ma xerophytes, kunyangwe iwo akagadziriswa zvakakwana kuti akure zvakare munzvimbo dzine mafashama. Iko kukuru kugadzirisa kweakawanda acho ndeyekukura uye kubereka michero nekukurumidza, mumwedzi mishoma chete yavanowana mvura yakakwana yavanogona. Zvimwe zvinogara nekusingaperi uye zvine metabolism inovabvumidza kunwa mvura shomashoma, senge huswa, pennisetum kana minhenga guruva (Cortaderia spp.).

Dicotyledons

Pamusoro pezvinonaka, pano isu tinowanawo akawanda asinganetsi maxerophytes, senge chikamu chikuru cheFabaceae (nyemba, dzakaita seacacias, nhema acacias uye mazhinji emediterranean shrub uye magwenga), Lamiaceae (rosemary, thyme ...), Asteraceae (santolina, daisy, sunflowers, ...), Malvaceae (mallows, baobabs ...), Fagaceae (holm oak, kermes oak, oak ...) , Apiaceae (parsley uye imwe umbelliferous), nezvimwe. Zvese mediterranean kukwesha uye yakawanda ye Sango reMediterranean (kusasanganisira mapini, ayo ari conifers) akaumbwa ne xerophilic dicotyledons.

Gymnosperms

Pano tinowana zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Iwo makuru emapoka ejimnosperms ndiwo maConifers, iwo ma cycads, iwo manetnet uye iyo Ginkgo biloba. Isu takawana xerophilic zvirimwa mune matatu ekutanga.

Mukati me conifers, iyo inonyanya kukosha xerophytes inowanikwa mumhuri pinaceae y Cupressaceae, kuve iwo mapini uye macypress zvakateerana. Pini (Pinus spp.) anowanzo kuve akawanda kana mashoma xerophilic, iine mashizha ayo akaomarara, akaita kunge tsono kudzikisa kubuda kwemvura. Kazhinji, mapini akaoma-akasimba anoshivirira kusanaya kwemvura zviri nani pane ayo ane mashizha akarembera, asi izvi hazviwanzo zvakadaro. Iwo makuru maitiro e cupresáceas ndiwo mashizha akaderedzwa kuita zviyero kudzikisira kubuda kwemvura uye midzi yakadzika, kunyangwe chete mamwe marudzi ari xerophytes, anenge angangoita iwo genus rese Cupressus (cypress miti), iyo genus Juniperus (junipers uye junipers) uye zvimweDzimwe dzakaita saredwoods (Sequoia, Metasequia uye Sequoiadendron), bald cypress miti (Taxodium spp.) Uye sugis (Cryptomeria japonica) zvirimwa zvinoda kugara zvichipiwa mvura.

Mune ma cycads tinowana zvakanyanya dzinopisa miti, iine nzvimbo yepakati pakati pefern nemuti wemuchindwe. Dzimwe dzadzo, senge jenda encephartos, vanotsungirira kusanaya kwemvura yakawanda nemashizha avo akaomarara ane tumapepa tunotapira (anogara ari mashizha) uye hunde dzavo dzakakora dzakazara nemvura. Ivo vanogona kutaridzwa seanonaka.

Gnetids rakasiyana uye rakasiyana boka. inoumbwa neyeakasarudzika kukwira gymnosperm (Gnetum spp..), chirimwa choga chinokura nekurebesa mashizha acho maviri chete (Welwitschia mirabilis) huswa hwakabatana (Ephedra spp.). Iwo chete ekupedzisira mairi xerophytes, uye ephedras inogona zvakare kutariswa inotapira. Welwitschia ichokwadi chirimwa chemugwenga, ichigara iriko kurenje reNamib, uko kwainowana mvura nekuda kwedovi rinoungana pamashizha ayo maviri mahombe. Kana iri Efrita, dzakabatana nenzvimbo yeMediterranean, kunyangwe isu tichigona zvakare kuvawana mune mamwe magwenga uye semi-magwenga eNorth America. Iyo haina mashizha, uye ine girini masutu ayo anokura muzvikamu.

Zvirimwa zvinogadzira spore

Aya marudzi ezvirimwa (ferns, mosses ...) dzinowanzo kuve dzinosanganisirwa nenzvimbo dzakanyorova kwazvo, asi zvinoshamisa kune marudzi anomera mumarenje. Kunyangwe avo vanogara munzvimbo idzi havakwanise kuchengetedza mvura. Izvi zvinovamanikidza kuti vave mukati mamiriro ekuzorora kusvikira mvura yauya. Muenzaniso chaiwo ndeyekumuka kwenhema kweJeriko, Selaginella lepidophylla, clubmoss inogara kurenje reChihuahuan. Mazhinji ezvinomera zvinoshamisa vanokura mumumvuri wematombo, uko hunyoro hunochengetwa hurefu mushure memvura. Zvisinei, iyo xerophilous selaginellas inokura pamatombo, panopisa zuva. Zvizhinji zvemhuri yefern pteridaceae iyo inoumbwa neye xerophytic zvinomera zvinogara kuNorth America magwenga.

Mumwe muenzaniso ungangodaro usina kushamisa ndiwo akawanda epiphytic mosses iyo inokura mumasango eMediterranean. Izvi zvinomera zvinoratidzira zvakafanana, vanoramba vakagara vasina kuoma uye vachiita kunge vakafa kusvika mvura yasvika uye vanyorova. Ivo vanowanzo kukura kuchamhembe kumeso kwemiti, uko zuva risingawanzo kupenya uye hunyoro hunowedzera hwakawanda.

Adaptation nzira dze xerophilic zvirimwa

Kutsungirira kusanaya kwemvura, zvirimwa izvi zvakagadzira nzira dzakasiyana dzatinogona kuisa mumapoka maviri:

Kuchinja kwemuviri

Vamwe kuchinjika kweiyo xerophilic zvirimwa zviri zvemuviri, senge iwo avakawana kuderedza dikita kuburikidza nekacheka kana vanovhara stomata kana kupisa kwanyanyisa kuitira kudzivirira kurasikirwa kukuru kwemvura. Iko kune yakakosha metabolism inonzi CAM iyo inowanzoitika yezvinonaka, kunyange zvisiri vese vane iyo. CAM inomirira Acid Metabolism yeCrassulaceae. Iri zita rakapihwa nekuti rakawanikwa mune crassulaceae, asi cacti nezvimwe zvirimwa zvakawanda zvine izvozvo futi. Muchidimbu, izvo zvavanowana neicho metabolism ndizvo kuunganidza simba kubva kuzuva masikati uye kupedza photosynthesis husiku. Neiyi nzira havafanirwe kuvhura stomata masikati, kuchengetedza mvura yese ingabuda.

Izvo zvakare zviri zvemuviri zvinoenderana neeferns uye nezvimwe, izvo zviri munzvimbo isina chinhu kusvikira mvura yasvika.

Kugadziriswa kwetsika

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kugadziriswa kune morphological uye apa ndipo panotaridzika chiitiko ichi sezvazvinogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama. Mazhinji xerophilic zvirimwa zvine hunhu morphology chero mune chirimwa chose kana mune zvimwe zvikamu zvacho. Zvakajairika kuti ivo vave nazvo matavi akaomarara, mashizha akafukidzwa newax kana vhudzi neminzwa kuitira kuti utsungirire kubuda kwezuva zvakanyanya. Neiyi nzira, ivo vanogadzira inotonhorera uye yakawanda hunyoro nzvimbo pakati pechirimwa. Imwe yakajairika morphology ndiyo zvirimwa zve idenderedzwa kana pamutsago chitarisiko izvo zvinowana mhedzisiro yakafanana. Ehezve, izvi zvakare zvinosanganisira kuzvimba mashizha uye / kana madzinde ezvinwiwa zvinounganidza mvura. Chimwe chinowanzojairika kugadziridzwa kuve ne sclerophyllous (yakaoma) kana mashizha akafanana neasina kudzora kubuda kwemvura.

Iwe unofungei nezve xerophytic zvinomera? Navo unogona kuvaka xerophilous gadheni, uko kana zvirimwa zvashandurwa hazvidiwe kudiridza uye ese mvura inoshandiswa. Kunyangwe kune aya magadheni, zvakanakisa kushandisa zvirimwa zvemuno.