Izityalo zeXerophilic okanye izityalo zasentlango

Amagqabi atyebileyo kakhulu ngamanye amaxesha athanda ukugoba, iziqu ezishinyeneyo kunye neqaqobana lemiqolo ethile ezenza ezi zityalo zibe ngamakhosikazi endlango. Sithetha ngayo izityalo xerophilic ekwabizwa ngokuba yi izityalo zasentlango kuba leyo yenye yeendawo zabo zokuhlala.

yakhe izityalo ezichuma phantsi kweemeko ezimbinge Imozulu eyomileyo neyomileyo ezifuna uhlengahlengiso olukhethekileyo. Funda ukuze ufumanise ukuba zeziphi kwaye zilungelelanise njani nokusingqongileyo ukuze baphile.

Ziziphi izityalo ze-xerophilic?

I-Xerophytic okanye i-xerophytic izityalo ezizizityalo ezizodwa, oko kukuthi, izityalo eziphucukileyo kwindalo yazo iindlela zokuziqhelanisa ukumelana neemeko ezibi apho zihlala khona njengendawo ewodwa yentlango okanye ubunzima bokufumana amanzi akhula emthini.

Yile ndlela ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye njengoko ziye zavela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ziye zamelana notshintsho. Into ehlekisayo yile banokuba zeentsapho ezahlukeneyo ezingazalaniyoOlona phawu babelana ngalo kanye yile nto yokuziqhelanisa. Kungenxa yoko le nto besombulula iingxaki zommandla obangqongileyo ngokuphuhlisa iindlela ngeendlela. Sifumana izityalo ze-xerophilous kumaqela akude njengeeferns kunye ne-allies, ii-cycads, iignets, i-conifers, kunye nenani elikhulu leemonocot kunye ne-dicots.

Ziziphi izityalo ze-xerophilic?

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, sifumana ii-xerophytes kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo, kuba ziintlobo kuphela eziye zaqhelana nembalela. Kuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza uluhlu nazo zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo, sizahlulahlula ngokwamaqela aliqela:

Izityalo ezimuncu

Zilula izityalo eziqokelela amanzi amaninzi kwizicwili zazo. Ngale ndlela, banokuhamba ixesha elide ngaphandle kokufumana amanzi, kodwa oku akusoloko kuyinyani. Nokuba ku uninzi lwabashushu banesifo se-xerophilic, ayizizo zonke. Umzekelo, ICrassula aquatica Sisityalo esimnandi esihlala kwiindawo ezinomswakama, kwaye singowosapho oluphambili lwabantu abanesonka, Crassulaceae. Isini ISalicornia Zizityalo ezinencasa ezihlala zinxulunyaniswa namanzi, kodwa kule meko ngamanzi anetyuwa (iihalophytes). Phakathi kwezo zii-xerophytes esizifumana kwakhona, izityalo ezingadibananga konke konke:

Imonocot enesucuculent

Kwii-monocot sinokulufumana usapho I-Asparagaceae, usapho oluphambili lwee-monocotyledonous succulents (ezenziwa phantse zizityalo ze-xerophytic) apho sifumana khona imithi yenamba (IDracaena spp.), iiYucca (IYucca spp.) agave (Agave spp.) Kwaye ezinye izityalo ezifanayo, kunye nezinye izityalo ezinendawo engcwatyelweyo, njenge-asparagus (Iasparagus spp.) kunye neengcambu zayo ezinobumba okanye ezinye iingcambu.

Olunye usapho olubalulekileyo lwabantu abanesonka Xanthorrhoeaceae (leyo yekhala kunye ne-asphodel). Kwezinye iintsapho ezi-monocotyledonous, icandelo elinencasa lihlala lingcwatywa, Ke kukho ingxoxo malunga nokuba kufanele ukuba ithathwe njengeyona inencasa okanye hayi. Kwabanye, njenge IMusaceae o Araceae Into abanayo yi-parenchyma e-aeriferous eqokelela umoya ogcwele amanzi, ke kukho nengxoxo, kodwa ayizizo ii-xerophytes.

Isicucu dicots

Ngaphakathi kwee-dicotyledon sinodumo Cactus (usapho ICactaceae), e crassulaceae (usapho Crassulaceae), e sifile (isini Euphorbia, nangona kukho iintlobo ezinencindi kunye nezinye ezingekhoyo), amatye aphilayo, inzipho yekati kunye nezinye iqeecae (Aizoaceae) kunye nezinye iintsapho ezininzi ezineentlobo ezikhululekileyo ezinamagqabi, anje nge IiSenecios kunye nezinto ezinje (inxalenye ye I-Asteraceae), Asclepiadoides, Pachypodium kunye neAdenium (apocynaceae), njl

Ezinye iisucculents

Sikwafumana ii-succulents ezimbalwa phakathi kwe imithambo (izityalo ezineembewu kodwa zingenaziqhamo), ngokukodwa uhlobo Efratha kunye nezinye ii-cycads. Nangona ezi zityalo zihlala zingahoywa xa zithetha ngee-succulents, njengee-xerophytes ngokungathandabuzekiyo, siza kuthetha ngazo kamva.

IiHalophytes

Ezi zi izityalo ezilungiselelwe ukuhlala kwiindawo ezinetyuwa eninzi. Oku kwenza abantu abaninzi bacinge ukuba nabo bayayinyamezela imbalela, kodwa oku akufuneki kube njalo. Ewe zikhona izityalo ze halophyte ezizii-xerophytes, ezinje nge I-Atriplex halimus, i-Suaeda vera, iTamarix spp., Astrophytum asterias o Uninzi lwezityalo zendalo, kodwa kubalulekile sukuphambanisa i-halophyte kunye ne-xerophyte kuba ulungelelwaniso lwahlukile, nangona banokubonisa zombini ngaxeshanye. I-Halophytes zihlala ziqokelela ityuwa, ephakamisa uxinzelelo lwayo lwe-osmotic kwaye ivumela ukuba ifumane amanzi etyuwa, apho ifuna iindlela ezibavumela ukuba bayikhuphe ngaphandle kokuyongeza kwimetabolism. Kwiimeko ezininzi oku kufuna unikezelo oluqhubekayo lwamanzi, njengakwi mangrove okanye isalicornia. Uninzi lwezi zityalo nalo lumnandi kodwa aluyinyamezeli imbalela.

Epiphyte

Las iiepiphyte Zizityalo ezikhula ngaphezulu kweminye imithi kodwa zifumana amanzi zodwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba bafuna ulungelelwaniso ukufumana amanzi emoyeni. Ii-epiphyte ezaziwa kakhulu zezi bromeliads, ezinolungelelwaniso oluphambili ezimbini: ezinkulu zibeka amagqabi ngobume beglasi ukuze aqokelele amanzi emvula kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe awasebenzise. Ezincinci (iTillandsia spp.) Zineenwele emagqabini athatha amanzi okusingqongileyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, olu tshintsho luvumela iintlobo ezimbini zolu hlobo ukuba zihlale kwiNtlango yaseAtacama, eyona ndawo yomileyo emhlabeni.

Ezinye ii-epiphyte ezinjengee-mosses ziyalala xa kungekho manzi, zisebenza kuphela xa zimanzi. Ulungelelwaniso olunomdla kakhulu nolwahlukileyo yile Imirmodiya okanye isityalo sembovane, esithi yenza iigalari kwisiqu sayo esityebileyo ukuze zisebenzise iimbovane kwaye zizinkcenkceshele ngokwazo ngenxa yokuphuma kwazo nokuphefumla kwazo.

Abanye abaninzi bafumana amanzi abo kubumanzi obufumana esiqwini somthi abakhula kuwo kwaye akufuneki babe zii-xerophytes. Kwimozulu eyomileyo apho kungekho epiphyte, akukho nzima ukubona i-xerophyte enje ngomkhiwane, ipeya enqabileyo okanye i-agave ekhula kumngxunya esiqwini somthi.

Monocot

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ngaphakathi kweemonocot kukho izityalo ezininzi ezinencasa (nangona ingezizo zonke izityalo ze-xerophytic), nangona kunjalo, zininzi iintlobo zeecerophytes ezingezizo ezomhlaza.

Eyona mizekelo iqhelekileyo yile iintende zivela kwimozulu eyomileyo, phantse njengalo lonke uhlobo Phoenix (apho sifumana khona iiCanarian kunye nemithi yesundu), i-European palmetto (Chamaerops uthobekile), iitonias (IWashingtonia rubusta y IWashingtonia filifera), I-Nannorrhops ritchieana, Hyphaene spp., njl.

Uninzi lwengca (usapho IPoaceaeIkwanazo ii-xerophytes, nangona zilungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuze zikhule nakwiindawo ezikhukula. Olona tshintsho luphambili kuninzi lwazo kukukhula kunye nokuthwala iziqhamo ngokukhawuleza, kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ezinamanzi aneleyo. Ezinye zihlala zihlala ngokuthe ngqo kwaye zinemetabolism ebavumela ukuba basebenzise amanzi amancinci kakhulu, afana nengca, ipennisetum okanye iintsiba (ICortaderia spp.).

Iidikethi

Ukongeza kwii-succulents, apha sikwafumana ii-xerophytes ezininzi ezingezizo ezomileyo, ezinje ngenxalenye enkulu yeFabaceae (iimbotyi ezinje nge-acacias, i-acacias ezingezizo kunye amatyholo amaninzi akwiMeditera kunye neentlango), Lamiaceae (rosemary, thyme ...), Asteraceae (santolina, daisy, sunflowers, ...), Malvaceae (mallows, baobabs ...), Fagaceae (holm oki, kermes oki, oki ...) , Apiaceae (iparsley kunye nezinye i-umbelliferous), njl. Yonke i Ukukhutshwa kweMeditera kwaye uninzi lwe Ihlathi leMeditera (ngaphandle kweepayini, ezizii-conifers) zenziwe nge-xerophilic dicots.

IiGymnosperms

Apha sifumana izityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Amaqela aphambili eejimnosperms zii-conifers, ii-cycads, ii-gnetids kunye ne Ginkgo biloba. Sifumene izityalo ze-xerophytic kwezi zintathu zokuqala.

Ngaphakathi amakhonkco, ii-xerophytes ezibaluleke kakhulu zifumaneka kwiintsapho I-Pinaceae y Indebe, Ukuba yimipayini kunye nemipypress ngokulandelelana. Imipayini (UPinus spp.zihlala ziba xerophilic ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, kunye neenaliti zayo ezimile okweenaliti kwaye ziqinile ukunciphisa umphunga. Ngokubanzi, iipayini eziqinileyo ziwunyamezela umbalela ngcono kunaleyo ixhonyiweyo, kodwa akusoloko kunjalo. Olona tshintsho luphambili lwecafresáceas ngamagqabi ancitshiswe abe zizikali zokunciphisa umphezulu womphunga kunye neengcambu ezinzulu, nangona zindidi ezithile zii-xerophytes, phantse lonke uhlobo I-Cupressus (cypresses), i-genus Juniperus (junipers kunye nejunipers) kunye nezinyeEzinye ezinje nge-redwoods (i-Sequoia, Metasequia kunye ne-Sequoiadendron), i-bald cypress trees (Taxodium spp.) Kunye ne-sugis (Cryptomeria japonica) zizityalo ezifuna unikezelo lwamanzi rhoqo.

Kwii cycads sifumana ikakhulu izityalo ezishushu, ezinomba ophakathi phakathi kwefern nomthi wesundu. Ezinye zazo, ezinje ngesini i-encephartos, ukumelana nembalela enkulu kunye namagqabi aqinileyo namagqabantshintshi (zihlala zinamagqabi) kunye neziqu zazo ezizele ngamanzi. Banokuthathwa njengobumnandi.

I-Gnetids liqela elahlukileyo nelinqabileyo. eyenziwe yi-gymnosperm ekhethekileyo yokunyuka (IGnetum spp.), Esona sityalo sikhula ngokwandisa amagqabi amabini kuphela (iWelwitschia mirabilis) kwaye i ingca edibeneyo (Ephedra spp.). Kuphela ezimbini zokugqibela zii-xerophytes, kwaye i-ephedras nayo inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengamnandi. IWelwitschia sisityalo sokwenene esiyintlango, ixhaphake kwintlango yaseNamib, apho ifumana amanzi ngenxa yombethe oqokelela kumagqabi ayo amabini amakhulu. Kwindaba ye Efratha, zidibene nendawo yeMeditera, nangona sinokuzifumana kwezinye zeentlango kunye neentlango eziseMantla Melika. Ayinagqabi, kwaye ineziqu eziluhlaza ezikhula ngokwamacandelo.

Izityalo ezivelisa isiqhamo

Ezi ntlobo zezityalo (ferns, mosses ...) zihlala zinxulunyaniswa neendawo ezinomswakama kakhulu, kodwa ngokumangalisayo kukho iintlobo ezikhula entlango. Nokuba abo bahlala kwezi ndawo abakwazi ukugcina amanzi. Oku kuyabanyanzela ukuba bangene imeko yokuphumla de kufike iimvula. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo kukuvuka okungamanga kweYeriko, Selaginella lepidophyllaIqela le-clubmoss elihlala entlango yaseChihuahuan. Uninzi lwezi zityalo zimangalisayo bakhula phantsi komthunzi wengxondorha, apho ukufuma kugcinwa ixesha elide emva kwemvula. Nangona kunjalo, I-xerophilous selaginellas ikhula ematyeni, apho ilanga litshisayo libabetha. Uninzi losapho lwefern IPteridaceae Iqukethe izityalo ze-xerophytic ezihlala entlango zaseNyakatho Melika.

Omnye umzekelo mhlawumbi ongachukumisiyo uninzi Iimpazamo zeepiphytic ezikhula emahlathini aseMeditera. Ezi zityalo zibonisa ukulungelelaniswa okufanayo, zihlala zome kwaye kubonakala ngathi zifile de afike amanzi kwaye ahambisa amanzi. Zihlala zikhula kubuso basentla bemithi, apho ilanga lingahlali likhanya kwaye ukufuma kuqokelela ngakumbi.

Iindlela zokuziqhelanisa nezityalo ze-xerophilic

Ukumelana nemeko yembalela, ezi zityalo zivelise iindlela ezahlukeneyo esinokuthi sizibeke ngokwamaqela amabini:

Uhlengahlengiso lomzimba

Abanye Utshintsho kwizityalo xerophilic zezomzimba, njengaleyo bayizuzileyo ukunciphisa ukubila ngokusebenzisa i-cuticle okanye bavale i-stomata xa ubushushu bugqithisile ukuze kuthintelwe ukulahleka okukhulu kwamanzi. Kukho imetabolism ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-CAM eqhelekileyo yesucculents, nangona ingengabo bonke abanayo. I-CAM imele i-Acid Metabolism yeCrassulaceae. Eli gama lanikwa kuba lafunyanwa kwi-crassulaceae, kodwa i-cacti kunye nezinye izityalo ezininzi zinayo nayo. Ngamafutshane, into abayiphumezayo kunye nelo metabolism aqokelela amandla elangeni emini aze agqibe ifotosinthesisi ebusuku. Ngale ndlela akukho mfuneko yokuba bavule i-stomata emini, begcina onke amanzi anokuvela abe ngumphunga.

Kukwalungiso lomzimba nolo lweeferns kunye nezinto ezinje, ezikwimeko yokulala de kufike iimvula.

Uhlengahlengiso lweMorphological

Ngamanye amaxesha, i uhlengahlengiso luyim morphological kwaye kulapho le nto ibonakala khona njengoko inokubonakala ngeliso lenyama. Uninzi lwezityalo ze-xerophytic zine-morphology ebonakalayo kwisityalo sonke okanye kwezinye iindawo. Kuqhelekile ukuba babe nazo amasetyana ashinyeneyo, amagqabi agqunywe ngamakhweba okanye iinwele nameva ukuze ukwazi ukumelana nokutshiswa lilanga ngokugqithileyo. Ngale ndlela, zivelisa indawo epholileyo nenomswakama embindini wesityalo. Enye i-morphology eqhelekileyo zizityalo ze ukuvela okanye ukuvela ezuza iziphumo ezifanayo. Ewe kunjalo, oku kubandakanya amagqabi adumbileyo kunye / okanye iziqu zeesucculents zokuqokelela amanzi. Olunye uhlengahlengiso oluqhelekileyo kukuba ne-sclerophyllous (hard) okanye amagqabi amiliswe ngenaliti ukunciphisa umphunga.

Ucinga ntoni ngezityalo ze-xerophytic? Ngazo unokwakha iigadi ze-xerophilous, apho xa izityalo zitshintshiwe akuyomfuneko ukuba unkcenkceshele kwaye onke amanzi asetyenzisiwe. Nangona kwezi gadi, kungcono ukusebenzisa izityalo zemveli.