Uyini umhlabathi futhi kungani ubalulekile ezitshalweni?

Inhlabathi yindawo lapho izimpande zezitshalo zikhula khona, ngakho-ke izici nezakhiwo zabo kuzoncika kakhulu empilweni yabo. Futhi ukuthi kwiplanethi esiphila kuyo kunezinhlobo eziningi zenhlabathi, ezinye zinesiponji futhi zinothe kakhulu ngezakhamzimba, ezinye zakhiwa ama-pores noma okusanhlamvu okuluqhafuqhafu okungenzeka ukuthi akunanani lokudla okunempilo kepha kunokungena okuhle kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke, Kubalulekile ukwazi inhlabathi kahle, ngoba ngale ndlela singakhula izitshalo ezinempilo nezinamandla. Ngakho-ke, ake siqale.

Uyini umhlabathi futhi ubaluleke ngani?

Uma siqala ekuqaleni, kufanele sikusho lokho inhlabathi ungqimba olungaphezulu koqweqwe lomhlaba. Ingxenye izilwane eziningi, kufaka phakathi abantu, eziyinyathelayo, nalapho izimpande zezitshalo zikhula khona. Kepha futhi, cishe kuzo zonke izingqimba zalo sizothola izinambuzane (ezinjengemisundu yomhlaba noma izintuthwane) kanye nezilwanyana ezincane (amagciwane, amakhowe, virus) ahlala kuwo.

Ukubaluleka kulele eqinisweni lokuthi, yize i-priori ingathandeki, yilokho okuvumela umjikelezo ukuthi uqhubeke: konke okuphilayo, ngelinye ilanga kuyabhubha. Futhi uma kwenzeka, zonke izakhi zomzimba eziqukethe zikhishelwa emhlabathini. Isibonelo, lapho isihlahla siwela phansi, isikhunta sizodla amagxolo aso, kuze kube ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa (kungaba amashumi eminyaka) yalesi siqu akukho okusalayo ngaphandle kwalezo zikhunta ezasidla kuso, ezizofa futhi ngolunye usuku futhi wondla umhlabathi. Lokhu, uma lina, kungatholakalela ukuthi izitshalo zizisebenzise.

Kepha ngaphandle kokuphila nokufa, kunokunye okuningi kunoma imuphi umhlabathi: amanzi, umoya, amadwala. Asikwazi ukukhohlwa noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezenzeka kwesinye isikhathi (kodwa ngenhlanhla ziyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile) futhi ezithinta ngqo, njengomthelela we-meteorite noma i-asteroid. Eminye imicimbi yenzeka kaningi, ikakhulukazi ePacific, njengokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.

Noma imuphi umcimbi walolu hlobo ungashintsha umhlaba, ngakho-ke futhi udale nezinguquko empilweni yezimila nezilwane ezihlala kuwo.. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kungabhubhisa kalula ihlathi emahoreni ambalwa, izimvula ezinamandla, esevele zinamandla amakhulu, zingabhubhisa izivande nezingadi uma zingenawo umthombo wamanzi.

Kunezinto esingenakukugwema. Okungukuthi, yize namuhla ngokwesibonelo singabala indlela i-meteorite ezolandela ngayo, kancane noma kancane lapho intaba-mlilo izoqhuma, noma yiziphi izindawo ezisengozini yezikhukhula, abantu abakwazi ngempela ukulwa nemvelo. Kufanele ijwayele, njengezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Izimila bezikwenza kusukela zaqala ukwakhiwa, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 eyedlule, futhi bazoqhubeka nokwenza njalo kuze kube yilapho iLanga “ligwinya” uMhlaba, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezi-5, uma zingashabalali ngokushesha, kunjalo.

Yini ukwakheka kwenhlabathi?

Ukwazi kabanzi ngomhlabathi, kufanele wazi ukuthi wenziwe izingqimba ezahlukahlukene okufanele zaziwe uma sifuna ukwazi kabanzi ngendlela yokuphila kwezitshalo:

• Isendlalelo sokuqala sezinto eziphilayo, ngokuyisisekelo i-mulch namaqabunga, amagatsha, njll.
• Ubuso bomhlaba, icebile ngamahumus. Umbala wayo umnyama kunalowo wesendlalelo sangaphambilini.
• El inhlabathi engaphansi iphansi, futhi ine-humus encane, ngakho umbala wayo ulula ngandlela thile. Izimpande zezitshalo zikhulela lapha.
• Idwala, okuyizingcezu zamatshe eziswele izakhamzimba.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla: umoya namanzi. Lokhu kuhlala esikhaleni esisele phakathi kwama-pores, noma uma ufuna ama-granite, womhlabathi. Uma amancane la ma-pores ekhona, kulapho kuzobumbana kakhudlwana ngakho-ke lapho izitshalo ziyoba nobunzima obukhulu, ngoba ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma zihlala zomile isikhathi eside, kuzobiza kakhulu ukumunca amanzi; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izinsuku eziningi kakhulu zihlala zimanzi noma zigcwele amanzi, izimpande ziyobola.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma lawo ma-pores emakhulu, kuzoba inhlabathi elula kakhulu engeke igcine amanzi isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuhle kwezinye izitshalo, njengalezo ezihlala ezindaweni ezomile noma ezinesomiso (agave, inhlaba yezihlahla, njll.), Kepha hhayi eyehlathi noma lehlathi (i-anthurium, amabalazwe, Njll).

Yiziphi izinhlobo zenhlabathi ezikhona?

Umhlabathi awufani kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngenhlanhla, kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwalowo enginaye engadini yami eningizimu yeMallorca, nalowo ongaba nawo enyakatho yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Yini enye, esifundazweni esisodwa, ngisho nasendaweni efanayo, ayikho inhlabathi emibili efanayo.

Ukukunika umbono, enginakho ubumba, umbala onsundu futhi usengozini yokuguguleka ngoba lina kakhulu futhi nezinga lokuphazanyiswa liphakeme. Kepha leyo esenyakatho yesiqhingi imnyama, ngoba lina kakhulu, kunezitshalo eziningi kakhulu (kukhona amahlathi eSierra de Tramuntana, ngokwesibonelo), ngakho-ke kukhona izinto eziningi eziphilayo lapho ukubola kunondla umhlaba .

Ngakho, inhlabathi ihlukaniswa ngokwesakhiwo sayo:

• Inhlabathi yesihlabathi: zivuleka kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, azinazo izakhamzimba ngoba amanzi azisusa. Ngokuyinhloko aqukethe isihlabathi. Ulwazi oluningi.
• Inhlabathi enosilika: lezi ikakhulukazi zine-slime. Zibonakala ngokuba neziduli ezinhle kakhulu ezihanjiswe yimifula noma umoya. Futhi zihlangene, kepha azihlanganisi kakhulu, futhi ngombala onsundu ngombala.
• Inhlabathi yelimestone: yilezo eziqukethe inani elikhulu likasawoti we-calcareous. Zingaba nsundu ngokukhanyayo noma zimhlophe ngokuya ngobuningi bemvula namandla. Ulwazi oluningi.
• Inhlabathi yobumba: aqukethe izinhlamvu ezinsundu noma ezibomvu ngokubomvu. Banobumba obuningi, ngakho-ke uma lina kakhulu, amadaka ajwayele ukwakheka.
• Inhlabathi enamatshe: Njengoba igama liphakamisa, ziyinhlabathi eyakhiwe ngamatshe nangamadwala. Awawagcini amanzi, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhona umgodi, zimbalwa kakhulu izitshalo ezikhula kuwo (uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezimila kwezinye izinhlobo zenhlabathi).
• Umhlaba omnyama: kwaziwa njengenhlabathi enomswakama. Iyona engcono ukukhula njengoba inenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, imunca amanzi kodwa futhi iyayihlunga, futhi ivumela ukukhula kahle kwezimpande.

Futhi ingahlukaniswa ngokwe-pH yabookungukuthi, ngokuya ngezinga layo le-asidi / alkalinity:

• Inhlabathi ene-asidi: yilabo abane-pH engaphansi kuka-7. Umbala wabo uvame ukuba nsundu ngokubomvu, futhi yize izitshalo zingathola yonke imicronutrients abayidingayo, njenge-iron, i-manganese, noma i-chlorine, ngeke ihlale ithola i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium noma i-calcium, kungaba ngenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukumunca noma ngoba azitholakali kulowo mhlabathi.
• Izitezi ezingathathi hlangothi: yilabo abane-pH phakathi kuka-7 no-7.5. Imvamisa zinazo zonke izakhamzimba ezidingwa izitshalo eziningi.
• Izitezi eziyisisekelo: ibizwa nangokuthi inhlabathi ene-alkaline. Yilabo abane-pH enkulu kuno-7.5. Inkinga enkulu abanayo ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu le-calcium carbonate, elingavimbela izimpande ekutholeni izakhamzimba abazidingayo.

Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi ingabumba futhi ingathathi hlangothi; noma sandy futhi eyisisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuya nge-pH yenhlabathi lapho izitshalo zikhula khona, sihlukanisa:

• Izitshalo ze-acid, okuyilawo akhula emazweni ane-pH engaphansi kuka-6.5, njengamamephu aseJapan, ama-camellias noma ama-hydrangea, phakathi kokunye. Ulwazi oluningi.
• Izitshalo ezingathathi hlangothi, okuyilawo akhula emazweni angathathi hlangothi, njengeFicus, iCitrus noma iPrunus.
• Izitshalo ze-alkaline okuyizinto, eziphambene nalokho, ezikwenza emazweni ane-pH engu-7 noma ngaphezulu, njenge I-Pinus halepensis, URhamnus alaternus u Olea Europe.

Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi zingakhula kuphela emhlabathini onaleyo pH. Eqinisweni, izitshalo eziningi ze-alkaline zenza kahle enhlabathini engathathi hlangothi, futhi ngokufanayo. Ama-acidic abuthakathaka kakhudlwana, ngoba lapho etshalwe emhlabathini one-pH ephezulu ngokushesha akhombisa izimpawu ze-chlorosis (ukuphuzi kwamaqabunga, kusale imithambo iluhlaza).

Ngokuya ngezici zamakhemikhali zenhlabathi, kukhona:

• Izitshalo ze-Chalcophilic, ezimila emhlabathini ezinamaphesenti amaningi e-limestone.
• Izitshalo zeCalcifugal okuyilawo esizowathola emazweni anezinga le-calcium ephansi.
• Izitshalo ze-Gypsophilic, ezihlala enhlabathini ephethwe yi-gypsum.
• Izitshalo zeNitrophilic, akhula kuphela enhlabathini enamaphesenti aphezulu enitrogen nama-nitrate.
• Izitshalo ze-Silicic, ejwayelekile yamazwe anenqwaba yesilica.
• Izitshalo zeHalophilic, ekhula enhlabathini enosawoti omningi kakhulu. Ulwazi oluningi.
• Izitshalo ze-Metalophilic noma ze-metalophytic, engakhula emhlabathini ocebile ngezinsimbi ezisindayo njenge-lead noma i-nickel.

Ungayikhulisa kanjani noma yehlise i-pH yenhlabathi?

Ukugxila kancane ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kwezolimo nokulima, sizobona ukuthi singayishintsha kanjani i-pH yenhlabathi uma sifuna ukutshala uhlobo oluthile lwesitshalo. Kepha okokuqala kufanele sazi ukuthi yini i-pH, futhi kulokhu singasebenzisa imitha ye-pH yedijithali (kuyathengiswa lapha). Lokhu kufakwa emhlabathini futhi, ngokuzenzekelayo, ngeke kusho ukuthi kuyini.

Kodwa kungenziwa nasekhaya, Ngokulandelayo:

1. Into yokuqala ukuthatha amasampuli omhlabathi amaningana endaweni lapho izitshalo zizoba khona, kodwa hhayi ebusweni, kepha ukusuka maphakathi nezwe. Okwenzayo ukwahlukanisa leyo ndawo ibe yizikwele noma imigqa ehlukanisiwe, bese uthatha amasampula ezindaweni ezahlukene ngokujula kwamasentimitha ayi-10 uma ufuna ukutshala izitshalo ezincane (imifino, imifino, imbali yokuhlobisa ye-herbaceous), namasentimitha angama-40 uma okufunayo ukuba nezihlahla, izihlahlana kanye / noma izihlahla zesundu.
2. Ngemuva kwalokho, amasampula afakwa ngayinye esitsheni bese kufakwa amanzi afuthwe amanzi. Isilinganiso kufanele sibe ngu-1: 1, ngokwesibonelo, amagremu angama-200 omhlaba ahlanganiswe no-200 ml wamanzi afakiwe. Bese uvuselela kahle kuze kube ifomu lokunamathisela.
3. Ngemuva kwamahora angu-1-2, faka umucu we-pH (njenge ukhona) ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi onayo. Uma kwenzeka ungaqiniseki ngomphumela, unganqikazi ukuthatha amasampuli futhi.

Yini okufanele uyenze ukukhulisa i-pH yenhlabathi?

Uma inhlabathi esinayo ine-asidi futhi sifuna ukuthi ingathathi hlangothi, yini okufanele siyenze uthele nge-limestone yomhlabathi. Isendlalelo esihle, esicishe sibe ngamasentimitha amane ubukhulu, sixubeke kahle nenhlabathi yendawo. Kepha kubalulekile ukuthi ukhumbule ukuthi lokhu kukodwa akwanele.

Kuyadingeka ukuthatha amasampula ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-pH ayiphinde yehle futhi, futhi kuyalulekwa futhi ukuthi uma utshala inhlabathi ekhishwe emgodini wokutshala ixutshwe nama-substrates wezohwebo ane-pH ephezulu engu-6.5 noma ngaphezulu .

Ungayinciphisa kanjani i-pH yenhlabathi?

Ukwehlisa kunzima kakhulu. Imvamisa izifunda lapho kunomhlabathi we-alkaline kukhona namanzi asetshenziselwa ukunisela i-pH yayo iphezulu, okuyilokho okwenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zeMedithera ngokwesibonelo. Ngakho-ke, kunemisebenzi embalwa okufanele yenziwe:

Esokuqala sihlobene nomhlaba. Ukwehlisa i-pH yayo, ama-substrates ane-pH ephansi kumele engezwe kaningana ngonyaka., njenge-peat moss (iyathengiswa lapha) noma i-fiber kakhukhunathi (iyathengiswa lapha), bese uyixube kahle. Ngokunjalo, lapho kutshalwa, kuzokwenziwa umgodi omkhulu - imitha eli-1 x yiyona ehamba phambili - futhi izogcwaliswa ngama-substrate ane-asidi (njenge lokhu).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele uhlole i-pH yamanzi asetshenziselwe ukunisela, ngemichilo ye-pH noma imitha. Uma ingaphezulu kuka-6.5, kuzofanele yehliswe ngokuyixuba nejusi kalamula noma uviniga. Inani elizothululwa lizoncika ekutheni ipH iphakeme kangakanani, kepha ukukunika umbono: uma ingu-8, gcwalisa ibhodlela lamanzi elingu-1,5 litre bese ulixuba nejusi lengxenye kalamula. Hlanganisa, futhi uma ubona ukuthi isephezulu, engeza ujusi kalamula omningi.

Umsele wamanzi

El amanzi Esinye isihloko ebengingafuni ukuyeka ukukhuluma ngaso. Futhi ingabe izitshalo eziningi zinenkinga enzima lapho zikhule ezweni elihlangene. Kodwa yini ngempela ukudonsa? Singakusho lokho kulula ukuthi inhlabathi imunce futhi ihlunge amanzi.

Isibonelo, uma ngemuva kwemvula enamandla isiza sigcwala amanzi ngamasentimitha angama-60, futhi kwakhiwa amadaka ahlala izinsuku ezimbalwa, lowo mhlaba awunamanzi kahle; kepha uma ngokuphambene ihlala amahora ambalwa, khona-ke kungaba kuhle.

Ungazi kanjani ukuthi inhlabathi inamapayipi amahle?

Indlela esheshayo nelula yokuthola ukuthi ukwenza umgodi nokuwugcwalisa ngamanzi. Uma i-drainage ilungile, sizobona ukuthi amanzi aqala ukuhlunga kusukela kumzuzu wokuqala siwathela kuwo, futhi futhi akwenze ngejubane elihle.

Ungawuthuthukisa kanjani amanzi emhlabeni?

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuyithuthukisa:

• Faka uhlelo lwamapayipi okukhipha amanzi namaphampu.
• Yenza umthombo noma isiteshi. Ungakwazi nokufaka amashubhu okuqoqa amanzi aqonde kuwo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwazi ukuba namanzi emvula okunisela lapho kudingeka.
• Lapho wenza umgodi wokutshala, uwenze ube mkhulu, u-1 x 1m, ukwengeza ungqimba olujiyile (cishe u-30-40cm) wobumba lwentabamlilo noma i-gravel, bese uxuba i-peat ne-perlite encane.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwenhlabathi

Njengoba ubona, inhlabathi ibaluleke kakhulu ezitshalweni. Ukwazi esinakho kuzosisiza sihlakulele ingadi enhle kanye / noma insimu yezithelo.