Usapho Araceae Iqukethe malunga ne-100 yezifo kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-3000, kubandakanywa izityalo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kulimo lwangaphakathi. Bazi monocot, kodwa zinamagqabi aphucukileyo, ane-venation entsonkothileyo, into engaqhelekanga kweli qela. Ukudubula kwayo, nangona kubonakala ngathi yintyatyambo, kuyinyani ebizwa ngokuba yi-inflorescence ispadix, yenziwe ngu iintyatyambo ezininzi ezincinci kwaye ikhatshwa ngu isinqe, ibract yombala ebonakala ngathi yi-petal. Ngokubanzi, le spadix ineentyatyambo ezimbalwa zamabhinqa ezantsi ezikhuselwe sisiporho kwaye ezinye ziintyatyambo zesilisa.
Uninzi luvela kwiindawo ezishushu zaseMelika, kodwa zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo nakwilizwe elidala. Bahlala bekho Izityalo ezinomfuno, zihlala zine-rhizomatous, kodwa uninzi lweetropiki ziyenyuka kwaye zinokuba nesiqu esityebileyo esinyuka ngeemitha ezimbalwa. Ezo zemozulu ezibandayo zihlala zizityalo ezincinci ngaphandle kweziqu zomoya (ii-acaules) ezichitha ixesha elingathandekiyo (ngenxa yengqele okanye imbalela) phantsi komhlaba. Izityalo ezininzi ezidadayo ziyafumaneka kule ntsapho. Okulandelayo siza kubona iimpawu kunye nokhathalelo lwezona zityalo zilinywayo zosapho Araceae.
UAlocasia macrorrhiza (Indlebe yendlovu)
Isityalo esifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yaso amashiti amakhulu. Inezilimo ezininzi ezinamagqabi amakhulu, anje nge 'Borneo giant'. Sisityalo esinerhizome emfutshane kakhulu apho amahlumela kunye nesiqu sasemoyeni sikhula khona esikwazi ukufikelela kubude obuyi-2m ukuphakama kumasampulu amadala. Amagqabi, anamaqhubu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2m ubude, afunyanwa kuphela ekupheleni kwesiqu kwaye athanda ukuba nkqo, anemiphetho egudileyo okanye engaphantsi egudileyo kunye nemithambo ephawulweyo. Zine-spathe emhlophe kunye ne-spadix, kodwa zincinci kakhulu xa zithelekiswa nesinye isityalo ukuba sibe nomdla wokuhombisa. Olunye uhlobo UAlocasia zivame ukuba zizityalo ezincinci, kunye okanye ngaphandle kweziqu ezimfutshane. Umthonyama kwiiPhilippines okanye eTaiwan, kunzima ukutsho kuba sele belima iminyaka emininzi.
Ngokukhathalela kwabo, ngaphandle bakhetha ihlala imihlaba emanzi, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aphezulu, kunye nokukhanya ngokuxhomekeke kubume bokufuma. Ngokufuma kokusingqongileyo okusoloko kugcinwe ngaphezulu kwe-80%, zinokuba kwilanga elipheleleyo, kodwa ukuba ziya kuba sezantsi, kungcono ukuzikhusela elangeni ngexesha leeyure ezisemini okanye ziya kutsha. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba benganyamezeli iqabaka, eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuzigcina ezindlini ubuncinci ebusika, apho baya kufuna indawo yokuhambisa amanzi kwaye bangadluli kuyo ngenkcenkceshela.
Amorphophallus titanum (ihupu enkulu)
Ukuzaliswa "njengeyona ntyatyambo inkulu emhlabeni", ayiyintyatyambo yokwenene kodwa yi-inflorescence. Nangona kunjalo, Inomfanekiso wespadix onokukhula ube malunga ne-3m ubude. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo eyona inflorescence inkulu yosapho lonke Araceae, ngesiphatho esimhlophe esimhlophe ngaphandle kunye neethoni ezibomvu ngaphakathi, kunye nespadix esimthubi sineentyatyambo ezingacacisekiyo. Xa idubula ikhupha isicaphucaphu Isidumbu sinuka ukutsala iimpukane. Xa ingekho kwintyatyambo (ehlala malunga neveki) okanye kwi-torpor, inegqabi elinye elinemilinganiselo emikhulu, ebonakala ingumthi. Ngaphantsi komhlaba ine-rhizome emfutshane ebizwa ngokuba yi-corm eyidla phantse ngokupheleleyo xa idubula. Yiyo loo nto inokuthi intyatyambe kuphela kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-4 phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo (ihlala ithatha ixesha elide). Indawo engapheliyo eSumatra.
Ku malunga izityalo eziethe-ethe kakhulu ezineemfuno ezithile, kodwa ukuba ungayinika iimeko eziyifunayo, ukhathalelo lulula. Ndikucebisa ukuba ujonge kwiwebhusayithi ekhethekileyo, kuba ingathatha kakhulu ukubachaza. Ndiza kuthetha kuphela ngezinto ekufuneka ndizigcinile engqondweni: ngokungafaniyo nayo yonke i-Amorphophallus, esi sityalo asidingi xesha lokuphumla, kodwa ke, idinga iimeko zetropiki. Ukuba awuhlali kwimozulu eshushu, kuya kufuneka uyigcine kwigreenhouse enkulu ngenxa yobukhulu obufikelela kuyo. Ngokulula yena I-corm yesityalo esidala inokuba nobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-100kg, yongeza kuloo bunzima bephepha kunye ne-substrate kwaye ubeke phantse itoni, ke Ukuwuhambisa ayingomsebenzi olula.
Ukuba unomdla kakhulu kolu hlobo, ungalwenza uvavanyo. Akunzima ukufumana izityalo ezincinci malunga ne-20-50 yee-euro, kwaye ukuba ziyasinda kuwe, uya kuthi ujonge ukuba wenzeni ngazo xa zikhulile. Nangona kunjalo, ndincoma naziphi na ezinye iintlobo zohlobo. Uninzi lukhangeleka ngokufanayo kodwa ubukhulu bunokulawuleka ngakumbi.
Anthurium kunye nereanum (anthurium)
Isityalo iqhelekile njengokutyala indlu kunye nokulungiselela iintyatyambo. Umdla wakhe kukuvuleka ngokupheleleyo kombala obomvu oqaqambileyo kunye nokuthungwa kweplastiki, apho kuvela khona i-spadix etyheli. Amagqabi alula, anemiphetho egudileyo kunye nohlaza ocacileyo, okhazimla kakhulu. Abana-rhizome kodwa banesikhondo somoya, nangona kunzima ukubabona benobungakanani obuhle kuba bahlala besifa kungekudala emva kokuzithenga. Ngaphakathi koku isini kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezifunwa ngabaqokeleli abanomdla wabo kukuxhoma kwazo okude kushiya iimitha ezininzi ubude. Umthonyama eColombia nase-Ecuador.
Inkathalo yangaphandle iyanzima ukusukela ngokutshiswa lilanga ngqo kwaye abayinyamezeli ingqeleNgenxa yoko, kwimozulu epholileyo ikhuliswa njengesityalo. Bafuna i-substrate ebambe emanzini kodwa idreyini kakuhle kwaye ine-aeration eninzi, ke indawo esezantsi exutywe kwiindawo ezilinganayo nenye yeeorchid inokulunga. Zonke ezinye iintlobo zihlala zikhula moss Sphagnum, isenokuba lukhetho olulungileyo, kodwa ihlala ibiza kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuba i-substrate yome ngokupheleleyo phakathi kokunkcenkceshela, kungenjalo iingcambu ziya kubola. Ukuba igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo ebusika, akufuneki inkcenkceshelwe ngaphandle kokuba ibole, kuba ibola ngokulula, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuyigcina kwindawo eshushu, njengegumbi elifudumeleyo, kodwa ungasondeli kuyo. . Kufuneka ibekwindawo eqaqambe kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle kwelanga elingqalileyo. Ukuba unayo kwaye awukwazi ukuyenza idubule, kunokuba kungenxa yokuba esinye sezizathu.
I-arum i-italicum (isangqa)
Isityalo esinomdla Inika umbala kwizitiya zethu ebusika. Ine-rhizome emfutshane (corm) eyahlula ngokuhamba kwexesha, yenza izityalo ezininzi. Ayinasikhondo somoya, kwaye inamagqabi amabini okanye amathathu kuphela, abonakala xa ingqele ifika ekwindla kwaye yomile emva kokudubula kwantwasahlobo (ngaphambili ukuba ilanga liyabetha), kude kube lixesha elilandelayo lokuwa. Amagqabi angonxantathu, aluhlaza okomnyama kodwa aphawulwe kakhulu ngemithambo emhlophe okanye eluhlaza. I-inflorescence yenziwa sisiphatho esimhlophe esivaliweyo kakhulu, esine-spadix encinci emthubi. Emva kokudubula, ispathe siwela, sishiya isiqhamo esihle seziqhamo ezibomvu, ezihlala zihlala nokuba amagqabi sele omile. Umthonyama kwingingqi yeMeditera.
Bamele ukuba bakhule ngaphandle, apho anyamezelayo kumaqondo obushushu angezantsi -20ºC. Zidinga indawo ezinomthunzi ukuze zikhule kakuhle, nangona zinokumelana nelanga (kodwa elangeni nje ukuba amaqondo obushushu adlule kwi-15-20ºC, amagqabi ayoma). Abubuthathaka nge-substrate, ukuba ihlala imanzi. Bade banyamezele imihlaba ethambileyo.
IColocasia esculenta (icolocasia, taro, taro)
Iyafana ngokubonakala kwii-alocasias, kodwa ngokubanzi incinci ngobukhulu kwaye ngaphandle kwesiqu somoya. Into ebonakala ngathi sisiqu somoya yinyani ye-pseudostem eyenziwe ziingqimba zamagqabi. Amagqabi anemiphetho egudileyo, nangona ethe wavy, kwaye ajikeleze ngaphezulu kunalawo UAlocasia. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lunamagqabi aluhlaza ocacileyo, kodwa kukho imihlanganisela emininzi yemibala eyahlukeneyo. Zine-rhizome emfutshane (corm) apho kuvela khona izitololi ezininzi ezenza izityalo ezitsha kumgama othile, ukuze ke zibe nokuhlasela. Inomphetho omde otyheliyo owenza isingqimba esiluhlaza emazantsi aso esikhusela iintyatyambo ezingamabhinqa. Ispadix sinombala okhilimu. Yibane indawo enkulu yokuhambisa eAsia, ethethelela umahluko omkhulu wokumelana nengqele phakathi kweembewu zayo ezahlukeneyo.
Nangona inokukhula ngaphakathi, umdla walezi zityalo ukhula ngaphandle. Izilimo zikwazi ukumelana nengqele, ezinje nge 'Pink china' ukumelana namaqondo obushushu akufutshane -15ºC. Ngethuba lokukhula kwazo badinga amanzi amaninzi kwaye bayakunyamezela ukungena kwamanzi, kodwa kwiindawo ezinqabileyo, nje ukuba indawo yomoya yome, ukuba umhlaba awuduli kakuhle kulula ukuba ii-corms zibole. Eminye, ayithambile njengohlobo lomhlaba okanye ukuvezwa lilanga, nangona bexabisa imihlaba echumileyo kunye nomthunzi othile.
Lemna encinci (duckweed)
Okuqhelekileyo Isityalo esidadayo "ophuma yedwa" xa uthenga ezinye izityalo zasemanzini. Kudala yayiqukwa kusapho lwayo, kodwa kutshanje kuye kongezwa kuyo Araceae. Iyancitshiswa ibe sisiqu esincinci esinamagqabi ambalwa kunye nengcambu elula, kodwa ayiyeki ukukhupha iintsana ezinokuthi emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa zikwazi ukuzimela, ke kunjalo Ingene kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nolunye usapho, ayinayo i-spadix inflorescence, ngokulula iintyatyambo ezilula phantse ayinakubonwa ngamehlo. Inokufumaneka kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa ithathwa kuphela njengendawo yemveli kwiindawo ezisemantla eIkhweyitha kunye naseAfrika. Ingxaki yayo enkulu kukuba igubungela umphezulu wamachibi, ikhawulezisa inkqubo ebizwa ubhalo ogqiba ukubola kwechibi kwaye atshabalalise bonke ubomi obukulo.
ESpain ukulinywa kwayo akukho semthethweni kuba kuthathwa njengokungenelela, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo nakwindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Eyona nto bayifunayo kukufumana amanzi. Ingakhula nakwi-substrate ukuba ihlala imanzi, kodwa apho ingena khona inyuka emanzini, ngakumbi ukuba inezondlo ezininzi. Emachibini kukutya okumnandi kweentlanzi kunye neenqanawa, ezigcina zijongeka. Ukuxhathisa kwayo kubanda akucaci, kodwa ukuya kuthi ga -5ºC bayakwazi ukubambelela, nokuba basinde ekubanjweni ngumkhenkce. Ikhetha ukuba lilanga elipheleleyo, kodwa ixhasa umthunzi.
IPhilodendron bipinnatifidum (Arboreal philodendron)
Iphilodendron enkulu, kunye nesiqu esiphakathi esijiyileyo esinokuxhasa ubunzima bamagqabi aso amakhulu, nangona igqibela ngokuyeka indlela. Amagqabi makhulu, amile okwimbambo kunye nemiphetho ye-wavy, eluhlaza oqaqambileyo. Ayinayo irhizome kwaye ayiqhelekanga isebe. Isiqu sayo asinakho ukukhula kubukhulu, ke ukuxhasa ubunzima bayo njengoko ikhula ngobude, ivelisa Iingcambu zomoya ezisebenza njengeankile emhlabeni okanye zokutsala esiqwini somthi kwaye zinyuke. Indawo yokuphamba iluhlaza encinci ngombala kwaye ijikeleze yonke ispadix, emhlophe. Umthonyama eMzantsi Melika.
Ayikwazi ukunyamezela ingqele kakuhleNaliphi na iqabaka liya kuwatshisa amagqabi, kodwa ayisosityalo esenza kakuhle ngaphakathi. Ingagcinwa ngaphandle kwiinyanga ezishushu kwaye ikhuseleke engqeleni, kodwa eyona nto ayisiyi kuba nayo ukuba awukwazi ukuyibeka emhlabeni. Ufuna i-substrate ukuba ihlale ihlala ifumile okanye ingaphantsi, kwaye uyayithanda ukuba ityebe kwaye isisiseko. Iyayinyamezela ilanga elipheleleyo (ukuba kukho ukufuma okuphezulu) kunye nomthunzi omncinci, kodwa ukuze amagqabi abenombala oqaqambileyo kunye nokuqaqamba, umthunzi omncinci ungcono.
Iipistia stratiotes (Iletisi yamanzi)
Okunye Isityalo esidadayo, kodwa eli linamagqabi akhule ngakumbi (ukuya kuthi ga kubude obungama-20cm ubude ne-10cm ububanzi), isiqu esincinci neengcambu ezintsonkothileyo. Ukubonakala kwayo ngokubanzi yileyisi evulekileyo, kodwa nge-veine. Ii-inflorescence zayo ziqhelekile kusapho lweAraceae, kodwa incinci, ine-spathe kunye ne-spadix elinganisa kuphela iimilimitha ezimbalwa, ziluhlaza ngombala. Iimakhishithi zixinekile ngamanzi (Abamanzi, enkosi ngeenwele ezibagubungelayo), kwaye oku kuyabavumela ukuba badade, basebenzise ezantsi njengesikhephe. Baqokelela umoya ukuze udadwe, kodwa ungaphantsi kwezinye izityalo ezidadayo. Uhlobo lwayo oluphambili lokuvelisa kwakhona zii-stolons ezivelisayo kwaye zihlala kunye okwethutyana. Ayisiyongxaki njengezinye izityalo ezidadayo, kodwa ivelisa ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Ifunyanwa phantse kuwo onke amanzi ashushu akweleenjiko.
ESpain akukho mthethweni kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, kuba iyaqwalaselwa Ingenile. Ifuna ukuba neengcambu emanzini kunye nokudada, kodwa ayibuthathaka ngohlobo lwamanzi. Ingena kuphela kumanzi ashinyeneyo anesondlo. Ayikwazi ukunyamezela ingqele kakuhle, naliphi na iqabaka litsha amagqabi. Kufuneka ikhule kwilanga elipheleleyo okanye emthunzini omnyama.
Sauromatum i-venosum (voodoo inyibiba)
Isityalo esinomdla ngokwenene kodwa silinywa kancinci. Singayijonga njengenyathelo eliphakathi phakathi kwehup kunye ne Amorphophallus. Amagqabi, adla ngokuba nokubakho kube kanye okanye zibe mbini ngexesha, anobunzima bokuchaza. Zingamagqabi adityanisiweyo akhiwa "sisithsaba" samaphecana aluhlaza aqhotyoshelwe kwi-petiole emi nkqo enamabala amdaka. Ubushushu, ukuvela phambi kwamagqabi nokuba icorm ayityalwanga kwaye ikhupha ivumba elibolileyo, yenziwa sisiqholo esinde kakhulu sombala we-maroon ngaphandle noluhlaza okotshani onamabala abomvu ngaphakathi, acola iintyatyambo zabasetyhini. I-spadix imhlophe kwindawo yabasetyhini kunye ne-maroon kwinxalenye yendoda, kwaye inde kakhulu. Ukuba iba poninized, yenza iziqhamo zeglobose ezifanayo neblackberry ehlala kwinqanaba lomhlaba. Ihlala kwimimandla yetropiki yaseAfrika naseAsia.
Kufuneka ikhulele ngaphandle ukuze ikhule kakuhle. Ifuna i-substrate enomjelo olungileyo kwaye ikwazi ukuba ne-asidi, kodwa kufuneka ihlale igcinwe ifumile ngelixa ineentyatyambo okanye amagqabi. Ekwindla, xa indawo yasemoyeni yomile, kufuneka igcinwe yomile, kungenjalo kulula ukuba i-corm ibole. Ukuba inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba idubule, yenjenjalo kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Intyatyambo ihlala ivulekile usuku kuphela kwaye emva kokumisa igqabi liyavela. Iyakwazi ukukhupha amaqabunga amathathu ngonyaka, kwaye xa iyomile kwaye iya kwi-torpor, iyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo angaphantsi -15ºC. Ikhetha ukuba semthunzini, nangona ihlala emthunzini opheleleyo.
Zantedeschia aethiopica (i-cove, inyibiba yamanzi, alcatraz)
Esinye sezityalo zangaphandle ezikhuliswe ngokubanzi kule ntsapho. Unamagqabi anomilo oqhelekileyo wosapho Araceae kodwa ethe nkqo. I-inflorescence yayo ine-spathe emhlophe kunye ne-spadix etyheli, kwaye ikhupha ivumba elimnandi. Inezilimo ezininzi ezinamagqabi amancinci kunye nesiphatho sayo yonke imibala. Eyona ndidi inkulu, 'iHercules', inokukhula iye ngaphezulu kwe-2m ubude kwaye inamagqabi amakhulu kunye ne-inflorescence. Inerhizome ende ethe kratya kunezinye izityalo zosapho, kodwa ayinasiqu somoya. Into ebonakala ngathi sisiqu ngenene yipseudostem eyenziwe ziingqimba zamagqabi. Inesiqu sokwenene kuphela xa idubula. Umthonyama eMzantsi Afrika, nangona iye yaqheleka kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi.
Kulula ukuyinyamekela, iyazinyamezela zonke iintlobo zomhlaba, ukusuka kwizikhukula ngokupheleleyo ukuya kowomileyo, kwaye inokuba lilanga elipheleleyo kunye nomthunzi opheleleyo, nangona ikhetha umthunzi omncinci. Tolerate ubushushu kufutshane -10ºC, nangona ixhomekeke kulinywa.
Zamioculcas zamifolia (zamioculca)
Ikhuliswe ikakhulu njenge yokutyala, yahluke mpela kusapho lonke. Amagqabi ayo adityaniswe ngephinki, oko kukuthi, wona into ebonakala ngathi sisiqu somoya yinyani yegqabi, apho amaphetshana aphuma khona. Le rachis ixinene kakhulu ukuqokelela amanzi. Isikhondo sayo sokwenyani siphantsi komhlaba (nangona sinokuvela kwiimodeli ezindala) kwaye sisityebhe eside esithe nkqi kwaye sinembonakalo enomdla kakhulu. I-inflorescence ine-spathe eluhlaza ekhusela ekuqaleni i-spadix kwaye emva koko ijikeleze umva, kunye ne-spadix emhlophe eyenziwe ngeentyatyambo ezibonakalayo ngokucacileyo, inkulu kakhulu ngokwemigangatho yosapho. Owona mdla uphambili kwesi sityalo ngumbala oluhlaza omnyama kunye nokuqaqamba kwamagqabi awo. Kukho isilimo esinamagqabi amnyama. Umnqweno malunga nesi sityalo kukuba unokuphinda uvelise ngokutyala amaphetshana, nangona kuthatha ixesha elide ukuhluma. Umthonyama kwi-tropical Afrika.
Sisityalo esinzima kakhulu esinokumelana nayo nantoni na ephoswayo kuyo, nangona sikhetha i-substrate enomjelo olungileyo kunye nokukhanya okuhle. Ngaphakathi inokukhula phantse naphina apho ifumana ukukhanya, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukubeka ecaleni kwefestile, kulapho ikhula kakuhle. Ukuba ikhule ngaphandle ikhetha ukuba semthunzini, kodwa ixhomekeke kwinto esiyifunayo. Kwisithunzi esipheleleyo iya kuba namagqabi ngaphezulu kwe-1m ubude kwaye iluhlaza okomnyama (nangona ingakhazimli njengaphakathi endlwini), ngelixa kwilanga elipheleleyo iya kuba namagqabi angaphezulu nje kwe-10cm ubude, luhlaza ocacileyo ngombala kunye ne-rachis edumbileyo. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya loo nto ayiyinyamezeli iqabaka.
Ezinye iintlobo ezaziwayo kolu sapho zezi adam ubambo (Monstera emnandi), i poto (epipremnum aureumkunye spatiphile (I-Spathyphyllum wallisii), ekhula ngokuqhelekileyo njengezityalo zendlu. Ubusazi ukuba zonke ezi zityalo zezosapho olunye? Nanini na xa ubona i-spadix ekhuselwe sisiporho, uya kwazi ukuba esi sityalo sesosapho Araceae