Yimiphi imindeni yezitshalo enkulu kunazo zonke?

Yimiphi imindeni yezitshalo eminingi kakhulu ekhona? Siphila kwiplanethi enokuhlukahluka okuningi kokuphila kwezitshalo, lapho singacabanga ngobuhle besihlahla esikhulu, kodwa futhi nezimbali ezincane ezikhiqiza amakhambi amaningi angadluli ngamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili ukuphakama.

Isimo sezulu, umhlaba, indawo, ... konke lokhu kuyizici ezakha ukuvela kwesitshalo ngasinye, ngoba okufunwa yiso sonke isidalwa esiphilayo ukuqhubeka nokukhona. Ngenxa yalokho, umuzwa wokusinda wenza umbuso wezitshalo ube yilokho okuyikho namuhla: umbukwane ngokwawo, lelo abantu abanethuba lokulijabulela.

Iyini imindeni yezitshalo?

Ngaphambi kokungena esihlokweni, ngingaqala ngichaze ukuthi umndeni unani kwezitshalo, ngoba ngale ndlela uma unesifiso sokwazi ukuthi imiphi imindeni eminingi yezitshalo, uzokwazi ukwazi ukuthi zibaluleke kangakanani. Yebo, emhlabeni kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezamukelwe ezingaba ngu-400.000Ngaphandle kokubala izinhlobo noma izilimo (uma kunjalo, lelo nani lizoba cishe lisisigidi esisodwa… noma mhlawumbe liphakeme nakakhulu).

Njengabantu esiyibo, enye yezimpawu zethu ukuthi sithanda ukuhlukanisa izinto, ngoba kulula kakhulu ngathi ukufunda ngazo. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe, kulokhu ama-botanists, abakwenzayo izitshalo zeqembu ezicishe zifane ngangokunokwenzeka, hhayi ekubukekeni nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nangokuya ngokuvela kwazo ngakho-ke futhi nezakhi zazo zofuzo.

Ukubheka konke lokhu, namuhla siyazi, isibonelo, ukuthi yize I-cycas futhi i izintende zibukeka zifana, azinabo ngempela ubuhlobo. Ngenkathi okwakuqala kuthathwa njengezinsalela eziphilayo selokhu zaqala ukuvela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 edlule, izihlahla zesundu ziyizitshalo 'zesimanje' kakhulu selokhu ukuvela kwazo kwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-140 edlule.

Kepha akupheleli lapho: I-cycas ikhona izitshalo ze-gymnosperm, okungukuthi, yizitshalo ezingavikeli imbewu yazo esithelweni (kungaba i-capsule, i-legume, noma njll.), kepha kunalokho lawo mabhola abomvu esiwabonayo yizinhlamvu; izintende, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-angiosperms, okungukuthi, awavikela esithelweni esivame ukuba nenyama, njengezinsuku.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukukhomba izitshalo kungaphezu kokubheka ukubukeka kwazo. Kukho konke lokhu, namuhla sekusungulwe imindeni engaphezu kwengu-100 yezitshalo.

Yimiphi imindeni yezitshalo eminingi kakhulu ekhona?

Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi ngumndeni wezitshalo, kufanele sikhulume ngobuningi kakhulu. Kuneziningi ezinkulu kakhulu, kepha ngaphandle kokungabaza lezo ezifanelwe ukuba sezinhlanu ezihamba phambili yilezi ezilandelayo:

I-Asteraceae (izitshalo ezihlanganisiwe)

Iningi kakhulu kude kakhulu. Kuyena izinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-32.913 ziqoqiwe, zahlukaniswa zaba cishe ngo-1911. Ngokuvamile ziyizitshalo ezibusayo, yize kungaba izihlahla, izihlahlana noma abagibeli. Zingaba minyaka yonke, biennial noma zisetshenziswe. Amaqabunga ahlukile futhi ajikeleza ngokuvamile aluhlaza.

Izimbali zincane, zi-hermaphroditic noma azivame ukuhlangana ngokobulili noma ziyinyumba, futhi ziqoqwe kuma-inflorescence akhiwe ngezahluko. Izithelo zingama-cyselas, okungukuthi, imbewu inamathiselwe ezinweleni ezilula kakhulu ezizoyisiza ukuthi isuke esihlahleni sikamama.

Kulo mndeni wezitshalo sithola i- I-Aster, USenecio, noma iHelichrysum, phakathi kwabanye.

Ama-orchidaceae (ama-orchid)

Ama-orchid asendaweni yesibili, into ethanda abathandi balezi zitshalo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-25.000 (abanye bathi kunezinkulungwane ezingama-30.000) ezihlukaniswe ngemikhakha engama-800. Ziyizitshalo ze-herbaceous, ezingapheli noma zonyaka, ezinomkhuba wasemhlabeni noma we-epiphytic, noma kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo ezikhuphukayo. Endabeni yasemhlabeni, iziqu zingama-rhizomes noma ama-corms, kanti kuma-epiphyte amaqabunga ayajiya phansi, akha ama-pseudobulbs.

Amaqabunga alula, kaningi ayashintshana, ayavunguza, aqhakazile noma ashintshwe ngamawele, anama-petioles noma awekho. Izimbali ziphakathi kwezinkimbinkimbi kakhulu embusweni wezitshalo, ngisho naku izinhlobo ezithile zama-orchid zithatha izinhlobo zezilwane, imibala ekhanyayo kakhulu. Izithelo zingamajikijolo aqukethe imbewu.

Izibonelo zalo mndeni esikuwo I-Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, noma iDendrobium, phakathi kwabanye.

I-Fabaceae (imidumba)

Lona ngumndeni nawo obaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho, hhayi nje ngoba amaningi akhiqiza imbewu edliwayo, kodwa futhi miningi enenani elikhulu lokuhlobisa. Kuyena sithole izinhlobo ezingama-19.400 zihlukaniswe cishe ngemikhakha engama-730 yamakhambi (minyaka yonke, iminyaka emibili noma engapheli), izihlahla, izihlahlana nemivini. Amaqabunga ngokuvamile ayashintshashintsha, ahlala eluhlaza noma aqinile, aphinyiwe noma anama-bipinnate, aluhlaza okombala.

Izimbali zaso zingaba zincane noma zibe nkulu, zakhiwe ngamacembe ayisihlanu anemibala egqamile, futhi zihlelwe ngama-inflorescence anjengeqoqo. Izithelo zinemidumba emide kakhulu noma emincane equkethe imbewu evame ukuba mnyama futhi ibe nesikhumba.

Izibonelo zemidumba esinayo, isibonelo, I-Delonix regia (ovuthayo), the I-Acacia, I-Cesalpinia noma i I-Vicia sativa (uphizi).

I-Poaceae (utshani)

Bangumndeni wesine ngobukhulu, nge Izinhlobo eziyi-12.100 ezichazwe zisabalale ngaphezu kohlobo luka-820. Yize ingeyesine, ingeyokuqala ngokubaluleka komnotho, ngoba sondla ingxenye enkulu yazo ... nezilwane eziningi zasemapulazini nezinkukhu, kanye nezinye ezifuywayo.

Ngokuvamile sikhuluma ngakho utshani, ukhuni, i-tussock, i-rhizomatous noma i-stoloniferous, okungaba minyaka yonke, iminyaka emibili noma isikhathi eside ngokuya ngohlobo. Iziqu ziyi-cylindrical kuya ku-elliptical, ngama-internode angenalutho noma aqinile (njengombila), futhi kuwo kuhluma amade, amanye amaqabunga aluhlaza. Izimbali ziqoqwe ngama-inflorescence amise okwe-spikelet, futhi ahlukile ngokobulili noma nge-hermaphroditic. Izithelo zincane futhi zomile.

Izibonelo zotshani sine-Triticum (ukolweni), the oryza sativa u U-Oryza glaberrima (ilayisi), the Zea mays (ummbila), the IHordeum vulgare (ibhali), umndeni omncane iBambusoideae (i-bambooigagasi I-Avena.

I-Rubiaceae

Okokugcina, sizokhuluma nawe ngeRubiaceae. Lo mndeni yakhiwa ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziyi-10.000 600 ezihlukaniswe ngemikhakha engama-XNUMX, futhi ziyizihlahla, izihlahlana, amakhambi, noma abagibeli, imikhuba ejwayelekile yomhlaba yize kukhona ezinye ezingama-epiphyte. Amaqabunga aphikisana, aphenduliwe noma angavamile i-pinnatifid, engapheli noma ngezinye izikhathi enqabile.

Izimbali zihlelwe kuma-inflorescence wokugcina, futhi zinjalo mdluli noma kuyaqabukela i-zygomorphic. Izithelo zilula noma ziningi, futhi zingaba ama-drup noma ama-capsule, futhi ziqukethe imbewu.

Izibonelo zezitshalo zalo mndeni yilezi: Gardenia, the IGalium, noma IBouvardia.

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