Zingaki izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhona emhlabeni?

Sinenhlanhla enkulu kakhulu ukuhlala ezweni lapho impilo, kokubili isilwane nesitshalo, ikhona engxenyeni enkulu yomhlaba. Yomibili le mibuso ihlala ngokuvumelana, imvamisa idala ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo bokuyisiza ukuthi ijwayelane nendawo yayo yemvelo.

Kodwa, Wake wazibuza ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhona? Lowo ngumbuzo othakazelisa kakhulu, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ogcina unempendulo, yize singazi noma ngabe unempendulo 😉.

Zingaki izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni?

Ngo-2011 iqembu lososayensi lafuna ukwazi ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezitholakale kuze kube manje, futhi laphumelela. Okwamanje, kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezigidi eziyi-8,7, okuyizigidi eziyisi-6,5 zazo ezasemhlabeni kanye nezigidi ezingama-2,2 zamanzi. Kuleyo nombolo emangalisayo, Izigidi ezingama-7,77 yizinhlobo zezilwane, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-298.000 nezinhlobo zezikhunta ezingama-611.000. Kodwa-ke, ngokuya ngesilinganiso sochwepheshe, cishe ama-86% ezinhlobo zasemhlabeni kanye nama-91% ezinhlobo zasolwandle asazotholakala.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Yebo, ngokuyisisekelo, yini kuncane esikwaziyo ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuphila ezikhona kuleplanethi enhle, ukuphela komuntu esithandana naye esaziyo ukuthi ufaka impilo. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile kutholakala ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane noma zezitshalo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhona?

Kunezinhlobo eziningi: izihlahla, izintende, ama-conifers, izihlahlana, amakhambi, abagibeli, amafern, ubulembu ... Ngamunye wabo unezici zawo ezizenza zihluke, kepha zonke zinokuthile okufana ngakho: zenza i-photosynthesis; okungukuthi, ziguqula amandla elanga abe ngukudla. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bakhipha umoya-mpilo, ngaphandle kwawo akekho noyedwa kithi obengaba khona namuhla.

Kungakho sizokukhombisa izibonelo zezitshalo, ukuze nawe umangale ukuthi ungaba muhle kanjani uMbuso Wezitshalo.

Kepha yiziphi izici zayo eziyinhloko?

Amanzi asolwandle

Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezitshalo waqala ngokuvela kwe-algae, okokuqala ama-unicellularular, akhiwa iseli elilodwa, kwathi kamuva kwavela ama-multicellularular. Bahlalaphi? Yebo, esikhathini esedlule babehlala olwandle kuphela, kepha njengoba bekhula, kwavela izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ziveza iziqu ezikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis ngaphandle kwamanzi olwandle ... kepha zisondele kakhulu kuyo.

Kukholakala ukuthi ulwelwe lokuqala, okuthiwa i-Archaeplastida, yavela eminyakeni engaphezulu kancane kwezigidi eziyi-1.500 edluleNgenkathi ulwelwe olubomvu, okuyilona olwahlukahlukana ukuze luveze izinhlobo esizaziyo namuhla, zisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.200 edlule.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-algae

Lokhu okunye:

I-chondrus crispus

Al I-chondrus crispus Kuyaziwa ngokuthi i-moss yase-Ireland futhi luhlobo lwe-algae ebomvu edabuka ogwini lwase-Atlantic eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Amaqabunga awo amanga avela esiqwini esinamagatsha amakhulu, futhi onke anombala obomvu.

i-lactuca

Eyaziwa njenge-lamilla noma ulethisi wolwandle, i- i-lactuca Kuyi-alga ene-laminar green thallus (iqabunga elingelona iqiniso ngohlobo lweshidi), elihluthulelwe futhi linezingqimba ezimbili zamaseli ezinamathele enhlabathini ngama-rhizoids. Ikhula ukukala ngo-18cm ubude ngaphezu kuka-30cm ububanzi.

Moss

AmaMosses, ubude bawo obungamasentimitha ayi-10, kuyizitshalo ezinelukuluku kakhulu. Ngokweqiniso ziwuhlobo lwezitshalo ze-bryophyte ezingeyona imithambo (okusho ukuthi, azinazo izibuko ngaphakathi, ngokungafani nezinye esizozibona), ezenziwe ngamaqabunga aluhlaza ... kuphela uma lina.

Ngalesi sizathu, sibathola ophahleni lwezindlu, amadwala, izindonga, izindonga, iziqu zemithi, ... noma yikuphi lapho kukhona khona amanzi amancane isikhathi esithe xaxa noma esincane.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zemoss

Lokhu okunye:

I-Polytrichum solidum

Al I-Polytrichum solidum Kuyaziwa njenge-moss yezinwele, ukolweni wezinyoni noma ukolweni wejuba, futhi unezinwele eziningi ezimbozayo. Amaqabunga akhonjisiwe futhi ahlelwe ngendlela eqondile ezungeze isiqu esiqinile, okungukuthi ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamasentimitha ama-4 kuye kwangama-20.

I-Sphagnum fallax

Waziwa ngokuthi i-sphagnum moss, noma i-sphagnum, i- I-Sphagnum fallax Yisitshalo esidabuka eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, esine-pseudostem enkulu lapho kuvela khona amagatsha kuma-fascicles, anamagatsha angama-2-3 enwetshiwe, nama-2-4 alenga amagatsha aluhlaza.

Amakhambi

Uma sikhuluma ngamakhambi sivame ukubhekisa "okhuleni", noma utshani bensimu. Kepha, kuthiwani uma ngikutshela ukuthi bangahlukaniswa ngohlobo lweqabunga labo, nokuthi lokho kumane nje kuwukwehluka kwabanye abaningi okungenziwa? Ungakhathazeki, angizukuyenza ibe nzima:

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakhambi: ahlukaniswe kancane, okungama-graminoid (utshani) njengazo zonke lezo ezingasetshenziselwa utshani ngokwesibonelo, nalawo anemikhakha ebanzi ebizwa ngama-forbias. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu lokugcina sithola ama-megaforbias noma ama-herbs amakhulu, okuyilapho i- izintende noma ama-muses (izihlahla zikabhanana).

Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sehluka kakhulu:

• Ngonyaka: zihlume, zikhule, zimbali, zithele izithelo bese zifa ngonyaka (kancane kancane empeleni). Izibonelo: ummbila, ikhabe, ipea.
• Ama-Biannuals: phakathi nonyaka wokuqala ziyamila futhi zikhule, kuthi okwesibili ziqhakaze, zithele izithelo zife. Izibonelo: i-foxglove, iparsley, isipinashi noma isanqante.
• I-Vivacious noma ihlala isikhathi eside: yilabo abaphila iminyaka emi-3 noma ngaphezulu (izihlahla ezithile zesundu zize zeqe ikhulu lempilo). Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinhlobo zezitshalo, ingaqala ukuqhakaza ekuqaleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila, noma kamuva kakhulu. Isibonelo, intende yesundu ikhiqiza izimbali zayo zokuqala eminyakeni engu-5-7 uma izimo zivuma, kepha i-geranium ezinyangeni ezimbalwa emva kokutshala ingaqhakaza (ngikhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho). Izibonelo: i-carnation, i-gazania, inyoni yepharadesi, amasundu, bromeliads futhi i bulbous, phakathi kwabanye.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo ze-Herbaceous

Sikukhombisa okulandelayo:

I-Cucumis melo

El I-Cucumis meloowaziwa ngokuthi ikhabe, futhi ungumjikelezo waminyaka yonke odabuka e-Iran, e-Anatolia naseCaucasus. Iqala iziqu ezinwabuzelayo, ezinamaqabunga esundu akhiqiza izimbali eziphuzi futhi, ngemuva kwabo, izithelo eziyindilinga kumajikijolo e-ellipsoidal afanele ukudliwa ngabantu.

I-Digitalis purpurea

Izinhlobo I-Digitalis purpurea, waziwa ngo fozie, i-digitalis, amaswidi, i-viluria noma i-gauntlet, umuthi we-biennial odabuka eYurophu, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, nase-Asia Ephakathi neseNtshonalanga. Ikhula isiqu eside esiphakathi kwamamitha angu-0,50 no-2,5 ​​ukuphakama, lapho kuvela khona amaqabunga anezinyo, alula namanye amaqabunga. Izimbali ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo ezilenga futhi ziyizigaxa, ziphinki ngokujulile ngaphandle futhi ngaphakathi zinsomi.

IGazania rigens

La gazania o IGazania rigens, is a perennial or perennial plant native to South Africa and Mozambique that ifinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu kwamasentimitha angama-30. Amaqabunga ahlukene, aluhlaza ohlangothini olungaphezulu futhi abe mhlophe ngaphansi. Izimbali zifana nezimbali zama-daisy, zivuleka kuphela uma kunelanga.

Amafeni

Amafeni abhekwa njengezinto eziphilayo, ngoba zavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-420 edlule. Lezi wuhlobo lwezitshalo zemithambo ezingakhiqizi imbewu (kepha izinhlamvu), i-rhizomatous, futhi inamaqabunga amakhulu aziwa njengama-frond noma ama-megaphils, ajwayele ukuphina, abe luhlaza noma abe nombala ohlukile. Ukuphakama kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo: zingakhula kuze kube ngamasentimitha angama-20 ukuphakama, noma zingadlula amamitha ayi-5 njenge izihlahla zamafern okungukuthi, njengoba igama liphakamisa, yilezo ezinesimo somuthi ngokwakha isiqu esingamanga.

Indawo yayo yemvelo imvamisa ingamahlathi namahlathi ashisayo ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngaphansi komthunzi ohlinzekwa yizihlahla, nalapho umswakama wezemvelo uphakeme khona.

Izinhlobo zikaFern

Sikukhombisa lokhu:

ICyathea arborea

Eyaziwa njenge-fern giant noma imfanzi stick, the ICyathea arborea Kuyinto yezinhlobo ze-evergreen fern leyo ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-9. Ludabuka emathafeni nasemahlathini ase-Antilles, futhi lwakha umqhele owakhiwe okungenani amahlumela ama-pinnate kanye nama-spinless (amaqabunga) okungenani ayi-XNUMX.

I-Pteris cretica

El I-Pteris cretica Ungumama ongowokuzalwa eMelika onerhizome enwabuzelayo ngandlela thile, okuyi ifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15 no-80. Amaqabunga anempintshi, aluhlaza ngesikhungo esimhlophe.

AmaConifers

AmaConifers ayizitshalo ezinhle kakhulu. Azikhiqizi izimbali zokubukisa, kepha lokho kungenye yezimpawu ezizenza zihluke. Zingezinye zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezindala kakhulu, ezibonakala eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule.

Leli qembu lezitshalo imvamisa iba nesiqu esiqondile futhi ivame ukuba yinde kakhulu, yeqe ngamamitha angama-30 ukuphakama. Umqhele wayo ungaba yipiramidi noma ube yindilinga, owakhiwe ngamaqabunga acishe afushane noma acijile, anombala oluhlaza okotshani futhi anokuziphatha okungapheli, okuvuthiwe noma okweqile. Izithelo zawo yilokho esikubiza ngephutha ngophayinaphu (akumele kudidaniswe nesitshalo sikaphayinaphu, ogama laso ngokwesayensi U-Ananas comosus okuyi-bromeliad), kepha zingaba yizigaxa.

Njengoba kade savela isikhathi eside kangaka, futhi sinqobe izinguzunga zeqhwa nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zemvelo, namuhla singajabulela ubuhle bamahlathi ase-Arctic fir, impilo ende iphenduke imifantu esiqwini esisontekile se UPinus longaeva ezintabeni zase-USA, ukuphakama okungakholeki kwama-redwoods amakhulu aseMelika, noma amantongomane amnandi ephayini we I-Pinus pinea, uhlobo lwe-autochthonous lweMedithera.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo zeConiferous

Sikukhombisa okulandelayo:

I-Cupressus sempervirens

Eyaziwa njenge-cypress evamile noma i-cypress yaseMedithera, i- I-Cupressus sempervirens kuyisihlahlana esihlala siluhlaza esidabuka empumalanga yeMedithera. Ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-30 noma ngaphezulu, ngenkomishi engaba yiphiramidi noma ivundle. Amaqabunga anamaqabunga, futhi enza amaqabunga aminyene kakhulu, aluhlaza okotshani. Isikhathi sokuphila sayo cishe iminyaka eyi-1000.

UPinus longaeva

El UPinus longaeva, owaziwa ngokuthi uphayini okade waphila isikhathi eside, ungowokuzalwa ezintabeni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States. Ikhula phakathi kwamamitha ayi-5 kuya kwayi-15, nobubanzi besiqu obufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3,6. Amaqabunga a-acicular, aqinile, afinyelela ku-4cm ubude, futhi aluhlaza okomnyama ngombala. Isikhathi sokuphila kwaso, njengoba igama liphakamisa, side kakhulu: ngo-Agasti 6, 1964, umfundi ophothule iziqu wasika uPrometheus, isifanekiso esasineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5000 ubudala.

Izihlahla

Izihlahla ziwuhlobo lwesitshalo esinesiqu esinokhuni esibizwa ngokuthi isiqu esinomqhele onamagatsha onegatsha eliyinhloko elicacile. Ukuphakama abafinyelela kuye kuyehluka ngohlobo, kepha Ochwepheshe bavame ukuvuma ukuthi banokuphakama okungenani okungamamitha ama-5 kanye nesiqu sobukhulu okungenani obungamasentimitha ayi-10.

Uma sikhuluma ngamaqabunga, angaba ngamakhanda, ahlukane noma aqine; enkulu, emaphakathi noma encane; elula noma eyakhiwe ngamapheshana ahlukene (amapheshana), ... futhi imvamisa iluhlaza okombala, kepha futhi ingaba nsundu ngokubomvu (I-Fagus sylvatica var. I-Atropurpurea ngokwesibonelo inabo balowo mbala).

Bahlalaphi? Emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezimbi kakhulu. Kukhona labo abahlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo ezomile, njenge I-Acacia tortilis noma i I-Adansonia digitata (i-baobab); abanye abakhetha isimo sezulu esipholile nobusika obubandayo, njengeningi le- amabalazwe noma ama-oki; ezinye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zifana nehlobo elishisa kakhulu namazinga okushisa amancane ebusika, njenge-carob noma i-alimondi.

Izihlahla 'zanamuhla' zaqala ukuvela kwazo esikhathini seCretaceous, okungukuthi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi babengomunye wabaphikisi bokuzalwa kwe izitshalo ze-angiosperm, okungukuthi, izitshalo ezinezimbali zokubukisa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezivikela imbewu yazo ngandlela thile ukuze zingachayeki kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibi.

Ingabe ama-conifers abhekwa njengezihlahla?

Yebo, kepha bengifuna ukukubeka ngokwehlukana ngezizathu ezilandelayo engizozichaza ukuze kungabikho ukungaqondi kahle:

• AmaConifers aqala ukuvela esikhathini seTriassic, njengoba sishilo phambilini cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, izitshalo ezinezimbali ezijabulayo zazingakabikho, futhi imbewu kusuka kumzuzu wokuqala owe (yawa) emhlabathini kufanele ihlume ngokushesha ngokushesha lapho kuvela ithuba lokusinda.
• Izihlahla zesimanje zonke ziyizitshalo ze-angiosperm; ama-conifers esikhundleni salokho ukuzivocavoca. Kunohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwesihlahla esidala esihlobene kakhulu nama-conifers kunezihlahla zanamuhla: the Ginkgo biloba.
• Amaqabunga esihlahla 'abuthakathaka' uma kuqhathaniswa nama-conifers. Iqabunga le-maple (ngokwesibonelo) belingeke lisinde ebusika obunzima be-Arctic.
• Izinga lokukhula phakathi kokunye, ngokuvamile, lihluke kakhulu. AmaConifers athambekela kancane, kuyilapho izihlahla zishesha ngandlela thile.
• Isikhathi sokuphila futhi sihluke kakhulu. Isitshalo, sikhula kancane (futhi inqobo nje uma lokho kuhamba kancane kuyingxenye yalokho okushiwo ufuzo) kuphila isikhathi eside kunaleso esikhula ngokushesha. Kungakho singathola izinkuni Iminyaka engama-3200, kepha kunzima kakhulu ukuthola isihlahla esidala kuneminyaka eyi-1000. Yomibili le minyaka iyamangaza futhi ayinakwenzeka ngabantu ukuthi bayifinyelele, kepha ngaphandle kokungabaza ngicabanga ukuthi le yinto okufanele ibhekwe uma kukhulunywa ngezihlahla nama-conifers.

Izinhlobo zezihlahla

Ezinye izinhlobo ezimele kakhulu yilezi:

I-Citrus x sinensis

Kaziwa kakhulu Isihlahla samawolintshi, the I-Citrus x sinensis Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esidabuka eNdiya, ePakistan, eVietnam naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeChina. Ikhula ize ifike kumamitha ayi-10 ubude, onesiqu esifushane nomqhele owakhiwe ngamagatsha okuvela kuwo amaqabunga amakhulu, alula, aluhlaza okomnyama. Izimbali zincane, cishe zingu-1cm, zimhlophe futhi zinephunga elimnandi kakhulu. Futhi izithelo ziyindilinga, ziwolintshi ngombala, futhi zinezimpuphu ezidliwayo.

I-Prunus dulcis

Waziwa ngokuthi i-alimondi, the I-Prunus dulcis Isihlahla esinqumayo esidabuka eMpumalanga Yurophu, eNtshonalanga Asia, naseNyakatho Afrika. Ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-10, nesiqu esisontiwe kancane nomqhele obanzi futhi ocishe ube yindilinga. Amaqabunga angama-ovate, anomugqa ohlanganisiwe, futhi aluhlaza okombala. Izimbali zimhlophe noma zipinki, ziyi-1-2cm ubude, futhi azinaphunga. Izithelo zingama-alimondi, angaba ngu-1-1,5 cm ubude, futhi akhiwe ngegobolondo eliqinile - lingahle liphulwe kalula ngokulishaya ngetshe - elinombala onsundu ovikela imbewu eyodwa, lokhu kungadliwa kokugcina.

Isihlahlana

Ake siqhubekele emahlathini. Lezi yizitshalo, ngokungafani nezihlahla, abanaso isiqu esisodwa esiyinhloko, kodwa banezimbalwa ezivela esisekelweni esisodwa. Ngokuphathelene nokuphakama kwawo, alinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-5, yize kukhona amaningi angadluli imitha elilodwa.

Amaqabunga angaba mhlophe noma ahlale eluhlaza, amancane noma makhulu, futhi anemibala ehluke kakhulu (eluhlaza, obomvu, onsomi, ohlukile, o-tricolor, ...). Ezinkulisa sithola eziningi ezikhiqiza izimbali ezinhle impela, njenge-azalea ngokwesibonelo, noma i-camellia.

Izihlahlana ezingenjalo

Kukhona ezinye izitshalo okuthi, noma zifeza ingxenye enhle yalezi zici, ezingathathwa njenge-abustos kanjalo. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-subshrub, okuyizitshalo lezo ngolimi oludumile ezaziwa ngokuthi amahlathi (noma amahlahla nje) noma izihlahlana. Ngokungafani nezihlahla sizothi ziyiqiniso, lezi zineziqu ezimfushane kakhulu, futhi zibukeka zifana nesitshalo esingenamikhono yini enye, efana ne- i-lavender noma i thyme.

Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima ngokwengeziwe, kuyisiko ukufaka kuleli qembu ezinye izitshalo ezingenabo ubudlelwano obuningi. Impela ukuthola induduzo nokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-cycads, okungukuthi, wonke lawo ma-cycas, ama-Dioon, ama-Encephalartos, nokunye okunjalo. Kungani ngithi lezi azihlukaniswanga kahle ezihlahleni?

Ngoba kwenzeka into efanayo ngabo njengakuma-conifers: yizitshalo ezindala kakhuluEqinisweni, izinsalela zitholakale zivela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-280 edlule; zingama-gymnosperms (Azizivikeli imbewu futhi azivezi izimbali ezibukisayo); futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwayo side kakhulu kunaleso se-shrub yesimanje ngenxa yokukhula kancane: a ICycas revolutaIsibonelo, inqobo nje uma izimo zilungile, zingafinyelela eminyakeni engama-300, kanti isihlahlana esijwayelekile kunzima ukudlula i-100.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezifana nezihlahla

Sikukhombisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

I-Veronica ochracea

Ngesikhathi I-Veronica ochracea Kuyaziwa njenge-veronica noma i-hebe, futhi kuyisihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esihlala njalo eNew Zealand lokho ifinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu kwamamitha ama-2. Amaqabunga ayo mancane futhi made, aluhlaza ngombala, kanti izimbali ziqoqwe ngama-inflorescence amhlophe.

IHibiscus rosa-sinensis

El IHibiscus rosa-sinensis uhlobo olwaziwa njengeChina rose, hibiscus, cayenne noma poppy (akumele kudidaniswe nomuthi I-Papaver rhoeas) futhi isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esidabuka e-East Asia. Ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha amabili kuya kwangu-2, anamaqabunga aluhlaza abanzi futhi angaconsi phansi. Izimbali zingu-6 kuye ku-12cm ububanzi, futhi zinemibala ehlukene: ophuzi, opinki, obomvu, onemibala ehlukahlukene.

Izitshalo ezikhuphukayo

Kukhuphuka yilezo zinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhula ngaphezu kwezinye izitshalo (imvamisa izihlahla ezide) ukuze zifinyelele ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Ngokuya ngezinga lokukhulelwa, sinakho:

• Izitshalo ze-Epiphytic: yilabo abasebenzisa abanye njengosekelo, njengejasmine noma boube.
• Hemiepiphyte: yilawo angama-epiphyte kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqala kwempilo yawo, okuyilapho izimpande zawo zikhula ziye phansi zingene emhlabathini. Kusukela lapho kuya phambili, bazoba izitshalo eziklinyekayo, njenge UFicus benghalensis, noma ezinye izinhlobo zeClusia.
• IHemiparasite: yizitshalo ezinamagciwane, okungukuthi, zithola izakhi zomzimba kwezinye izitshalo, kepha zingaqhuba i-photosynthesis ngendlela ethile.
  Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-parasitism:
  • Ukuphoqelelwa: lapho ungeke ukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle komgcini. Isibonelo: I-albhamu yeViscum.
  • Ongakukhetha: lapho ungaqeda khona impilo yakho noma ngabe unomphathi noma cha. Isibonelo: URhinanthus.
  • Iziqu: yilezo ezibekwe esiqwini sesitshalo.
  • Izimpande: yilezo ezimiswe ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezisingethwe.
  • IHoloparasite: yilezo ezincike ngokuphelele kwezinye izitshalo njengoba zingenayo i-chlorophyll, ngaphandle kwayo akunakwenzeka ukwenza i-photosynthesis. Isibonelo: IHydnora (impande), noma ICuscuta europaea (yesiqu).

Izinhlobo ze-Climber

Lapha sikukhombisa okunye:

I-Jasminum officinale

El I-Jasminum officinale i-epiphyte ehlala iluhlaza edabuka eCaucasus, enyakatho ye-Iran, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, eHimalaya, eNdiya, eNepal nasentshonalanga yeChina. Ifinyelela ubude bamamitha ayisithupha uma isekelwa, futhi iziqu zawo zihluma amaqabunga enamapheshana aluhlaza angama-5-9. Izimbali ziqoqwe ngezinhlanga ezi-axillary, futhi zimhlophe.

UFicus benghalensis

Kuyaziwa njenge umkhiwane oklinyiwe noma isihlahla se-banyan, futhi siyisitshalo se-hemiepiphyte. Imbewu ivame ukumila emgodini wegatsha lomuthi omkhulu, kuthi lapho izimpande zifika emhlabathini isitshalo siqale ukukhula ngokushesha, sisuse izakhi zomuthi esiwuphethe.

Njengoba ikhula, izimpande zomkhiwane zizuza ngamandla, nangosayizi, futhi kancane kancane 'ziklinya' isihlahla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amagatsha e-Ficus akhiqize amaqabunga amaningi kangangokuba isihlahla esiwusekelayo sigcina sife ngokushoda kokukhanya ... nezakhamzimba. Uma sekwenzekile, isiqu sawo siyabola, kepha umkhiwane wakhe inethiwekhi yezimpande esiqine kangangokuba ingawi, kodwa yakha uhlobo lwesigodi esingenalutho.

Lesi sitshalo umbulali kugcwele eBangladesh, eNdiya naseSri Lanka. Usayizi wayo uyahlukahluka, kepha unganwebeka ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana. EBotanical Garden of Calcutta kukhona eyodwa elinganiselwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-230 ubudala, futhi ithatha indawo engamamitha-skwele ayi-12.000.

I-albhamu yeViscum

Eyaziwa njenge-mistletoe emhlophe noma emincane, i- I-albhamu yeViscum Kuyisitshalo esibophezelekile se-hemiparasitic esidabuka eYurophu, eNtshonalanga naseNingizimu ye-Asia, naseMelika. Ikhula emagatsheni ezihlahla ezinamakhasi, njenge ubhabhulini, yize kubonakala nakwabanye Izihlahla zikaphayini. Iba neziqu ezinamamitha ayi-1 ubude, bese amaqabunga awo enombala oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi abe ngu-2 kuye ku-8cm.. Izimbali zaso ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-phuzi, futhi zilinganiswa ngo-2-3mm ububanzi. Isithelo siwujikijolo omncane omhlophe, ophuzi noma oguqukayo.

Ukuphumelela

Yizitshalo ezijwayele ukuhlala kwezinye zezindawo ezifudumele nezomile kakhulu emhlabeni. Yize kunezihlahla, izihlahlana nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezinengxenye ethile emnandi, ngenxa yalokho sibhekisa kuma-cacti kanye neziphuzo ezinoshukela kuphela. Umsuka walezi zinsuku ubuya esikhathini seCretaceous, phakathi kweminyaka engama-80 nengu-90 million edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi zaziyizitshalo ezinamaqabunga, izimbali kanye nembewu, ezazihlala endaweni manje eyiNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika, kepha okwake kwaba yiGondwana (kwakuyindawo eyayiyizwekazi lase-Afrika lanamuhla, iNingizimu Melika , Australia, New Zealand, Hindustan, Madagascar nase-Antarctica, eyaqala ngokuhlukaniswa kwePangea eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 edlule).

Ngenxa yokuhamba okungaguquki kwamapuleti ama-tectonic, kancane kancane nangaphezulu kwezinkulungwane nezigidi zeminyaka, INingizimu Melika ne-Afrika zahlukaniswa, zilethwa kancane endaweni yazo yamanje. Ngokwenza njalo, izimo zezulu zalezo zindawo zashintsha, ukuphoqa iziphuzo zaseMelika ukuba zivumelane nezimo ngokuguqula amaqabunga azo ngemigogodla futhi zibe nomzimba okwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane base-Afrika baphendula amaqabunga abo kanye / noma iziqu zaba 'izitolo' zamanzi.

Ngakho-ke, awaseMelika aphakamisa i-cacti, kwathi eyokugcina yaphuzwa.

Esikhathini samanje singabona lezi zitshalo ogwadule noma eduze kwezifunda eziwugwadule. Isibonelo, emazweni afana neMexico, iChile ne-Argentina, kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwe-cacti. Isibonelo, ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kuka-350 ze I-Mammillaria ezamukelwayo, okuwuhlobo olubanzi kakhulu lwe-cactus, iningi labo lingabokuzalwa eMexico. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iLithops ingesinye sezigaba ezinkulu kakhulu zama-succulent, njengoba yakhiwa yizinhlobo eziyi-109, zonke zizalwa eningizimu ye-Afrika.

Ama-succulents yizitshalo ukuthi bakulungele ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme ajwayelekile ezingwadule, futhi abafuni manzi amaningi. Kungakho ithandwa kangaka, ngoba nawo awavami ukukhula kakhulu (ngaphandle kokumbalwa). Into ejwayelekile ukuthi azidluli amasentimitha angama-40, 50 noma ama-60 ukuphakama, noma kunezinhlobo ezithile ze-columnar cacti, njenge ICarnegiea gigantea (i-saguaro), eyeqa amamitha ayi-5.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-cactus ne-succulents

Kulula kakhulu ukubadida, ngoba yebo, siyazi ukuthi i-cacti inameva ... kepha ezimweni ezithile akufani nalokho (njenge I-Astrophytum asterias). Ngakho-ke ukuze kungabi khona ukungabaza, ngikutshele ukuthi okufanele ukubheke ukuze wazi ukuthi ngabe kuyicactus noma i-crass ikulokhu okulandelayo:

• U-Areolas: ameva nezimbali kuhluma kubo, futhi ngokuvamile kunoboya. Bakhona kuphela ku-cacti.
• Izimbambo: izimbambo zingamakwa kakhulu noma kancane, futhi zingabi ngokungajwayelekile. Kokubili i-cacti namanye ama-succulents angaba nawo, kepha ngaphambili ahlukaniswe kangcono kakhulu.
• Kushiya: ziyinyama, zivame ukukhanya ngombala. Ngamaswidi ambalwa kuphela anawo.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezinoshukela

Lapha sikukhombisa okunye:

ICopiapoa cinerea

La ICopiapoa cinerea Luhlobo lwe-cactus olunomzimba we-globose-cylindrical ohlome kahle ngameva. Izimbali ziphuzi, futhi zihluma esihlokweni sesiqu. Kuvame kakhulu eChile, futhi ingafinyelela ukuphakama cishe ngamasentimitha angama-50-60.

Ama-elegans e-Echeveria

La Ama-elegans e-Echeveria isitshalo esimnandi esidabuka enkabeni yeMexico lokho yakha i-rosette yamaqabunga kuze kube ngamasentimitha ayi-10 ububanzi, ngaphandle kwesiqu / isiqu. Izimbali zayo zihluma esihlahleni sezimbali esifushane, futhi ziwolintshi.

Futhi ngesibonakaliso esifushane siqeda:

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi izitshalo, kodwa futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukubahlonipha. Njengamanje kugawulwa amahlathi ngokushesha okukhulu. Uma siqhubeka kanjena, lapho sibona ukuthi imali ayinakudliwa, kuzobe sekwephuze kakhulu.