Imifino, ngemindeni

Utshani, i-liliaceae, imidumba, i-chenopodiaceae, i-aizoaceae ... Ufff, uma ungenalo ulwazi oludlule lwezitshalo noma ingadi, ekuqaleni ulahlekile. Uma besencwadini noma eposini bathi: "ungayihlanganisi ne-cucurbits", kanjani? Hhayi, bengingahlosile ukwenza kanjalo, kepha ... sikhuluma ngani? Kuhle sikhuluma ngakho imindeni yezitshalo yemifino futhi kulula ukubazi (noma okungenani ube ne- ukuhlukaniswa).

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba nendatshana eqoqa ifayili le- imindeni main nezinhlobo ezizungezayo, negama lazo elijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke ngiyethemba ukuthi lokhu engizokutshela khona kuzoba wusizo kubo bonke labo abaqala ukwakha ingadi yasemadolobheni.

Noma kungabonakala kunzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni, empeleni akukubi kangako 😉. Lapho-ke wena uzokwazi ukuthi kungani:

Solanaceae

Kulo mndeni imikhakha engama-98 nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2700 ziqoqiwe esingazithola emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi. Ziyizitshalo ezinamaqabunga ahlukile, alula futhi angenazo iziqu.okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esakhiwe ezinhlangothini zombili zesisekelo samashidi ashiwo, okuvame ukuba laminar.

Zingakhula njengezitshalo ze-herbaceous zonyaka, ze-biennial, noma ezingapheli, kepha iningi livame ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane. Ukuphakama kwawo kuphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20 nemitha elilodwa, futhi akhiqiza izimbali ezinhle impela ezinamacembe amhlophe, aphuzi noma abomvana. Isithelo singaba uhlobo lwe-capsule noma i-drupe, futhi ngaphakathi sizothola imbewu eningi.

Eminye iyimihlobiso, njengama-petunias, kepha lokho okusithandayo kungokulima, futhi njengezibonelo utamatisi, the Upelepele, the amazambane, noma berenjena.

Inhlanganisela

Zibizwa nangokuthi i-asteraceae, zingumndeni wezitshalo eziningi kakhulu, ezinemikhakha engaba ngu-1600 nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-23500 ezisabalele umhlaba wonke. Ngokuvamile ziyizitshalo ezinempilo, kepha kukhona ezinye ezenziwa minyaka yonke noma kabili. Isici sayo esikhulu - futhi esikhangayo- yizimbali, ezikhumbuza kakhulu lezo zama-daisy kodwa zincane. Lawa angama-hermaphrodites, angavamile ukuhlangana ngokobulili, anemibala ehlukahlukene (emhlophe, epinki, ephuzi, nsomi).

Amaqabunga ahlala eshintshana futhi ayavunguza, anezinambuzane, anenyama futhi / noma anesikhumba. Isithelo yi-cipsela, okungukuthi, isithelo imbewu yaso enohlobo lweparachute elula kakhulu esiza ekusakazekeni.

Kukhona okuningi okusetshenziswa ezingadini, njenge-Asters uqobo, kepha engadini kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuba nama-endive, ama-endive, ubhekilanga, ulethisi, noma ama-artichokes.

Liliaceae

Liliaceae ziyizitshalo ezingapheli, ezine-herbaceous futhi ezivame ukuba yi-bulbous noma i-rhizomatous ongowokuzalwa ezifundeni ezipholile zasenyakatho yezwe, ikakhulukazi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia. Amaqabunga ahlukile futhi ayavunguza, aluhlaza. Ama-inflorescence akhiwe ngezimbali ze-hermaphroditic, ezinkulu futhi ezibukisayo. Isithelo lesi siyi-capsule enembewu eyisicaba, eyindilinga noma yeglobose.

I-bulb noma i-rhizome ivame ukutholakala ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi isebenza njengomugqa wokuphila phakathi nenkathi engeyona imifino, ngoba ngenxa yayo bangahlala bondlekile ngokwanele kuze kubuye isimo sezulu esihle.

Izibonelo zemifino ezivela kulo mndeni? Sinefayela le- i-garlic, lo anyanisi, the isitshalo esihlobene no-anyanisi futhi i i-asparagus. Konke kulula ukukhula, ngisho nasembizeni 😉.

Cucurbits

Bakhuphuka izitshalo, ngomjikelezo waminyaka yonke ikakhulukazi, edabuka ezifundeni ezipholile futhi ezifudumele zombili iMelika neYurophu. Zibonakala ngokumbozwa yizinwele, nangokwakha iqabunga elilodwa nge-node ngayinye. Izimbali zincane, ziphuzi noma zimhlophe, zilula. Isithelo sithatha ukuma okuyindilinga noma okulingene, futhi kuvame ukudliwa. Ngaphakathi kwalokhu sizothola imbewu enemibala emnyama, futhi kanzima.

Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha njengoba nazo zithatha indawo eningi, zitshalwa ngqo emhlabathini, noma ezimbizeni ezinkulu kakhulu, ngoba uma kungenjalo izithelo ezikhiqizayo zincane kakhulu ukuthi azikufanele ukuzama.

Kulo mndeni esinayo ikhabe, lo ikhabe, lo ithanga, the zucchini, the i-pepino kanye ne-alficoz.

I-Chenopodiaceae

Eqinisweni, i-chenopodiaceae ingumndeni omncane wama-amaranth, kepha njengoba ama-amaranth nezitshalo ezihlobene nakho kungadli (empeleni, ezinye zinobuthi, njenge-amaranth uqobo), kwesinye isikhathi kubaqondisi bezolimo nezinye zibhekwa njengomndeni hhayi njengomndeni omncane. Kepha hhe, ake siye kulokho okusithandayo: lezi zitshalo ngokuvamile zinobuthi, azivamile izihlahlana nabagibeli, edabuka ezifundeni ezifudumele eziseningizimu yeYurophu.

Amaqabunga alula futhi ashintshana, noma kungenzeka ukuthi awanawo. Izimbali zincane, i-hermaphroditic noma i-unisexual, futhi ziqoqwe kuma-inflorescence amhlophe, ansundu ngokukhanyayo, noma abomvana. Izimpande ziyi-rhizomatous, kokunye kuyadliwa.

Ama-horticulturalists alo mndeni yiwona ishadi, the isipinashi futhi i ama-beet.

I-Cruciferous

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-brasicáceas, ngamakhambi wonyaka, we-biennial noma wonyaka inezinhlobo ezithile ezingama-338 nezinhlobo ezingama-3709 ezisuka ezindaweni ezifudumele kuya ezibandayo zomhlaba. Amaqabunga ayashintshaniswa noma asatshalaliswe ngama-rosettes, alula noma ahlukaniswe, futhi ngaphandle kwemigomo.

Izimbali ziyi-hermaphroditic, enamacembe amane amhlophe noma abomvana, futhi aqoqwe kuma-inflorescence kuma-racemes, ama-corymbs noma ama-umbels. Futhi isithelo iyi-capsule eyomile enwetshiwe eyaziwa njenge-silique noma i-silicule evikela imbewu eningi.

Lo mndeni uhlanganisa imifino yasebusika ejwayelekile, njenge-broccoli, itheniphu, isithombo, iklabishi kanye ukholifulawa.

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-Brasicaceae (Brassicaceae)

Umbellate

Manje ibizwa ngokuthi i-apiaceae, izitshalo ezibusayo, zonyaka noma ezingapheli ezakha umndeni wemikhakha engama-440 nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3500 XNUMX ezisabalale emhlabeni wonke. Bahlakulela isiqu esivame ukunwebeka, ngamaqabunga ahlukile, aphelele, aluhlaza okotshani. Banesistimu yezimpande eyakhiwe yimpande evame ukuba yinyama, ukuma kwe-tubular, nezinye izimpande zesibili ezinhle.

Izimbali zaso ngokuvamile ziyi-hermaphrodite, eyakhiwe nge-corolla enezikhala ezinhlanu ezimhlophe, eziphuzi noma ezibomvana, futhi ziqoqwe kuma-inflorescence embel elula noma ehlanganisiwe. Isithelo somile futhi si-schizocarpic (okungukuthi, imbewu eyodwa ikhula ngaphakathi kwaso).

Ama-umbellifers athakazelisayo engadini yi izaqathe, the ama-parsnips, the iparsley futhi i isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi.

I-Legumes

Eyaziwa nangokuthi iFabaceae, angumndeni owakhiwe ngemikhakha engama-730 kanti izinhlobo ezithile ezingama-19.400 zasatshalaliswa kuwo wonke umhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele. Kukhona izihlahla, izihlahlana, okotshani obungapheli noma bonyaka, futhi zibonakala ngokuba namaqabunga ahlala eluhlaza noma ama-deciduous, enye, ene-stipule, futhi evame ukuhlanganiswa (i-pinnate, i-bipinnate, umunwe noma i-trifoliate). Izimpande zawo ngokuvamile zijikajika, zijulile futhi zivame ukusungula ubudlelwano be-symbiotic namagciwane ohlobo lweRhizobium, ewasiza ukulungisa i-nitrogen enhlabathini.

Izimbali, ezincane noma ezinkulu, zihlala zodwa noma ziqoqwe kuma-inflorescence kuma-racemes noma ama-umbels, futhi zimhlophe, ziphuzi, zibomvana, zibomvu noma ziwolintshi. Isithelo, esibizwa ngokuthi yi-legume, side, sincane futhi siyisicaba. Imbewu iyindilinga futhi ilukhuni, inombala omnyama (imvamisa imnyama).

Phakathi kwezitshalo zomdabu ezine-horticultural esinayo ubhontshisi obanzi, ubhontshisi, i-alfalfa, ipea kanye no-vetch.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Siyini isitshalo semidumba?

Utshani

Utshani, noma i-Poaceae, bangumndeni wesine ngobukhulu wezitshalo, onemikhakha engu-820 no-12.100 izinhlobo ezinobuthi, noma ezingavamile kakhulu ivela emhlabeni wonke. Atholakala kusuka ezindaweni eziwugwadule kuya ezintabeni eziphakeme kakhulu.

Iziqu ziyi-cylindrical to elliptical, futhi zinamaqabunga amanye akhiwe ngomgogodla (ozungeze isiqu), i-ligule (kungaba iqembu lezinwele noma isithasiselo esine-membranous esijoyina isikhwama ngensingo) kanye ne-blade noma i-lamina, ilula, futhi nezinzwa zifana. Izimbali ziqoqwe kuma-inflorescence aziwa njengama-spikelets, futhi zinama-hermaphroditic noma azithandani, zimhlophe noma ziphuzi ngombala. Izithelo noma okusanhlamvu komile, kunembewu eyodwa.

Kulo mndeni sithola ummbila, oats, ibhali, ukolweni, ilayisi futhi rye.

Ngiyethemba manje usuyazi kabanzi ngalesi sihloko.